7. A group of our people has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Khalid from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from ibn ’Udhaynah from Muhammad ibn Muslim from abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) who has said, “The will is created.” Summery Statements on the Attributes of His self Sifat al-Dhat and the Attributes of His Actions Sifat al-Fi‘1 For every two attributes which you attribute to Allah (e.g. The Creator, The Sustainer), of which each has its own separate being, (i.e. The Creator achieves its being, as an attribute of Allah’ through something which Allah creates, and The Sustainer achieves its being, as an attribute of Allah, through a created being which He sustains), these attributes are attributes of (His) action. (Because if two attributes are separate in being, obviously each of them differs in their being with the thing with which they are attributed, and therefore both the attribute and the attributed have their own being. Therefore, in order to distinguish an attribute of action from an attribute of essence, it is always necessary to compare that attribute with another one. If we perceives these two to be independent of each other in being, then both of them are attributes of action). The explanation (and proof) of this sentence is that you prove (establish), in respect of His Being, what He intends to do and what He does not intend, what pleases Him and what displeases Him, what He likes and what He dislikes. If the intention had been the attribute of His essence like the attribute of knowledge and power, His not intending (for something) would have been its contradiction. Similarly, if His liking for something had been the attribute of His essence, His dislike (of something) would have been its contradiction. Do you not see, we do not find in His Being anything which He does not know and anything over which He has no power? Such are the attributes of His essence (Self), which are everlasting. We can never attribute to Allah power and (its opposite) weakness. (Similarly, we can neither attribute to Him knowledge and [its opposite] ignorance and stupidity, nor can we attribute to Him wisdom and 1 its opposite] error. Nor can we attribute to Him honor and [its opposite] disgrace). It is permissible to say, “He (Allah) loves him who obeys Him and hates him who disobeys Him. He favors him who obeys Him and is hostile to him who disobeys Him. And verily, He is pleased and He is also displeased. It is also permissible to say in the invocations: ‘O my Allah, be pleased with me and do not be angry at me. Favor me and do not be hostile to me.’” But it is not permissible to say, “Allah has power to know and has no power not to know. He has power to possess and has no power not to possess. He has power to be powerful and wise, and has no power to be otherwise, i.e. without power and wisdom. He has power to be generous and has no power to be not generous. He has power to be forgiving and has no power to be not forgiving.” It is also not permissible to say, “Allah intended to be the Nourishing, the Everlasting, the Mighty, the Wise, the Possessor, the all-knowing, the all-Powerful.” Since these are the attributes of His essence while intention is among His attributes of action. “Do you not see that it is said; “Allah intended this and did not intend that.” Every Attribute of His essence negates its opposite in respect of Him. He is called: “The Living, the All-knowing, the All-hearing, the All-seeing, the All-mighty, the All-wise, the Rich, the King, the Clement, the Just and the Generous.” The opposite of knowledge is ignorance. The opposite of power is inability. The opposite of life is death. The opposite of honor is humiliation. The opposite of wisdom is error. The opposite of clemency is haste and ignorance. The opposite of justice is oppression and tyranny. (So, by proving any of His essential attributes its opposite is negated.)
7- Un certain nombre de nos compagnons ont rapporté d'Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Khalid, de son père, d'Ibn Abi Umeyr, d'Ibn Udhayna, de Muhammad ibn Muslim, de l'Imam Abu Abdullah (que la paix soit sur lui) disant : "La volonté est renouvelée.
C'est une phrase concernant les attributs de l'Essence et les attributs de l'Action.
Certes, tout ce que tu as décrit avec deux attributs pour Allah, et ils sont tous deux présents dans l'existence, alors c'est un attribut de l'action. Et l'explication de cette phrase est que tu affirmes dans l'existence ce qu'Il veut et ce qu'Il ne veut pas, ce qu'Il agrée et ce qu'Il réprouve, ce qu'Il aime et ce qu'Il déteste. Si la volonté était parmi les attributs de l'Essence, comme la connaissance et la puissance, ce qu'Il ne veut pas serait contradictoire avec cet attribut, et si ce qu'Il aime était parmi les attributs de l'Essence, ce qu'Il déteste serait contradictoire avec cet attribut. Ne vois-tu pas que nous ne trouvons pas dans l'existence ce qu'Il n'aurait pas connaissance et pouvoir sur, de même Ses attributs éternels, nous ne les décrivons pas avec pouvoir et impuissance, connaissance et ignorance, sottise et sagesse, erreur, force et faiblesse. Il est permis de dire qu'Il aime celui qui Lui obéit et déteste celui qui Lui désobéit, qu'Il soutient celui qui Lui obéit et combat celui qui Lui désobéit. Certes, Il agrée et désapprouve. Et il est dit dans la supplication : "Ô Allah, sois satisfait de moi et ne me désapprouve pas, soutiens-moi et ne me délaisse pas." Il n'est pas permis de dire qu'Il peut avoir connaissance sans l'avoir, ou ne pas avoir connaissance sans l'avoir, ou qu'Il peut posséder sans posséder. Il est possible qu'Il soit puissant et sage, et qu'Il ne soit pas puissant et sage. Il est possible qu'Il soit généreux et qu'Il ne soit pas généreux. Il est possible qu'Il soit clément et qu'Il ne soit pas clément. Il n'est pas permis non plus de dire qu'Il a voulu être Seigneur, éternel, puissant, sage, possesseur, savant, capable, car cela fait partie des attributs de l'Essence, et la volonté fait partie des attributs de l'Action. Ne vois-tu pas qu'on dit qu'Il a voulu ceci et n'a pas voulu cela, et les attributs de l'Essence le déclarent avec chaque attribut opposé, on dit : Vivant, savant, entendant, voyant, puissant, sage, riche, roi, patient, juste, généreux. La connaissance est opposée à l'ignorance, la puissance est opposée à l'impuissance, la vie est opposée à la mort, la dignité est opposée à l'humiliation, la sagesse est opposée à l'erreur, et l'opposé de la clémence est l'impulsivité, l'opposé de la justice est l'injustice et l'oppression.