2045
Chapitre
Disciplines for Zakat Collector
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1. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Hammad ibn ‘Isa from Hariz from Burayd ibn Mu‘awiyah who has said the following: “I heard abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, say, ‘’Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, gave the following disciplinary instructions to a zakat collector. He (the Imam) then sent him to the suburbs of the city of al-Kufah. “O servant of Allah, set out for this task: but you must be pious before Allah who is one and has no partner. You must not give preference to your worldly matters over the matters of the next life. You must be protective of what I have entrusted you with and pay proper attention to the rights of Allah. When you arrive in the community of so and so tribe, disembark at the place, which is the source of their water. Do not mingle among their houses. Thereafter go in a dignified and honorable manner to meet them until you stand among them and say to them the expression of greeting, then say to them, ‘O servants of Allah, the person who possesses Divine Authority has sent me to ask you to pay the rights of Allah which are due on your wealth and I collect them. Is there anything of the rights of Allah due on your wealth that you must pay to the person who possesses Divine Authority?’ If anyone says, ‘No, (there is not anything due on my wealth).’ You must not ask him again. If anyone among them answered you positively, then follow him without frightening him or promising him anything but good. When you reach the location of his wealth, do not enter that place without his permission; he owns most of the wealth. Then say to him, ‘O servant of Allah, do you allow me to enter the location of your wealth?’ If he allows you, then do not enter in a dominant or rough manner. Make two sections of the wealth, then allow him to choose one section and do not interfere with the section that he chooses. Thereafter make the remaining section into two sections and again allow him to choose whichever section he chooses. You must not interfere with his choice. Continue this process until you arrive at the remaining section that is the portion of zakat, the right of Allah, the most Holy, the most High. Take possession of the portion that is the right of Allah in his wealth. If he asks you to cancel the process, you should do so. Mix and start the process all over again until you can take possession of the right of Allah from his wealth. When you take possession, then do not mishandle it. You must remain helpful, kind, trustworthy and protective of the property you have received. You must not handle anything thereof roughly. Thereafter, dispatch promptly your collection of every community to us and we will handle it according to the commandments of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious. If you dispatch it through a messenger, advise him not to block or separate a camel from her young, and do not over-milk the camel to harm her young. He must not tire the camel by riding excessively. He must follow rules of justice toward them. He must allow them to drink from every source of water on the way. In the hours, which are for their grazing and rest, he must not drive them on the plain road. He must be kind and caring to them so they can reach us, by the permission of Allah in good health and condition, not tired or overworked. We then, by the permission of Allah, distribute them according to the book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah among the friends of Allah. Following these instructions will allow you to have greater reward and it is closer to the dictate of your reason. Allah looks upon you and these properties, and upon your hard work, good advice to your commander who has commissioned you for the task. The Messenger of Allah has said, ‘Whoever, for the sake of Allah, pays attention to his guardian, works hard obediently and gives good advice to him (guardian) and to his Imam, in the company of the high position, he will join our company.”” He (narrator) has said, ‘Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, wept and said, “O Burayd, by Allah, all respectable matters of Allah have already been disregarded. The book of Allah and the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah are not followed in this world any more. Nothing of the laws of justice is maintained in this world after the passing away of Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al- Salam. Nothing of the laws of truth has ever since been followed.” He then said, “I swear by Allah, days and night will not end until Allah will give life to the dead, cause the living to die, return the truth to the people of truth, and establish His religion which He has chosen for Himself and for His prophet. It is glad news for you. It indeed is glad news for you. Without any doubt, it is glad news for you. I swear by Allah, Truth does not exist anywhere in any place except in your hands.’””
Ali ibn Ibrahim a rapporté de son père, de Hammad ibn Isa, de Hariz, de Burayd ibn Mu'awiya, qui a dit : J'ai entendu Abu Abdullah (sur lui la paix) dire : "L'Imam des croyants (que la prière d'Allah et Ses salutations soient sur lui) a envoyé un homme de confiance de Koufa à sa périphérie. Il lui a dit : 'Ô Abdullah, pars en ayant la crainte d'Allah seul, sans associé, et ne privilégie pas ta vie d'ici-bas sur ton Au-delà. Sois un gardien de ce dont je t'ai chargé, veillant à ce qui est dû à Allah en cela, jusqu'à ce que tu atteignes le camp de tel et tel clan. Lorsque tu y arrives, descends vers leur eau sans mélanger leurs bêtes, puis avance vers eux avec calme et dignité jusqu'à te placer parmi eux et leur adresser le salut. Ensuite, dis-leur : 'Ô serviteurs d'Allah, l'Envoyé de Dieu m'a envoyé vers vous en tant que gardien des droits d'Allah sur vos biens. Est-ce qu'Allah a des droits sur vos biens que vous devriez restituer à Son gardien ? S'il te répond un refus, ne le contredis pas. Et s'il te fait une faveur, accompagne-le sans le menacer ni le tromper, sauf pour le bien. Lorsque tu atteins ses biens, n'y entre pas sans sa permission, car la plupart lui appartient. Dis-lui : 'Ô Abdullah, me permets-tu d'entrer dans tes biens ?' S'il te donne la permission, n'y entre pas comme un envahisseur, ni avec violence. Divise l'argent en deux parts, puis laisse-le choisir laquelle il préfère. Peu importe son choix, ne le contredis pas. Puis partage le reste en deux, et laisse-le choisir à nouveau sans le contredire. Continue ainsi jusqu'à ce qu'il reste ce qui est dû à Allah en fidélité. Lorsque cela reste, prends le droit d'Allah de lui. S'il te le donne volontairement, accepte-le, sinon diminue-le. Ensuite, mélange-le et agis comme tu l'as fait au début jusqu'à ce que tu prennes le droit d'Allah sur ses biens. Lorsque tu le prends, ne te fie à lui que si tu es sincère, compatissant, digne de confiance, sans violence envers quoi que ce soit. Puis rassemble tout ce que tu as collecté de chaque groupe et apporte-le vers nous, où Allah a ordonné. Lorsque ton messager descend avec cela, assure-toi qu'il ne sépare pas une chamelle de son petit, ne les éloigne pas l'un de l'autre, ne presse pas la traite du lait au point de nuire au petit, ne les fatigue pas en les montant, assure-toi de les traiter équitablement et de les abreuver de toute eau qu'elles croisent, ne les détourne pas de l'herbe de la terre vers le bord de la route à l'heure où elles ont besoin de repos et de pâturage. Traite-les avec douceur jusqu'à ce qu'elles viennent vers nous par la permission d'Allah, grasses, non fatiguées ni stressées. Elles seront divisées par la permission d'Allah, sur le Livre d'Allah et la tradition de Son Prophète (que la prière d'Allah et Ses salutations soient sur lui) parmi les alliés d'Allah. Car c'est là ta plus grande récompense et le plus proche de la guidance. Allah regarde cela, ainsi que toi, ton effort, ta sincérité envers celui qu'Il t'a envoyé pour satisfaire ses besoins. Car l'Envoyé d'Allah (que la prière d'Allah et Ses salutations soient sur lui) a dit : 'Allah ne regarde pas un allié qui s'efforce dans l'obéissance et la sincérité envers lui et envers son imam sans qu'il ne soit avec nous dans le plus
2. Hammad ibn ‘Isa has narrated from Hariz from Muhammad ibn Muslim who has said the following: “Abu ’Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, was asked, ‘Does Zakat collector call people in one place or he comes to where people are? He (the Imam) said, ‘No, he comes to their places and collects their charity (Zakat).’”
IsnādHammad ibn 'Isa - Hariz - Muhammad ibn Muslim - Abi 'Abdillah (que la paix soit sur lui)
Il a été demandé à Abi 'Abdillah (que la paix soit sur lui) s'il valait mieux que les gens soient sincères dans leur approbation ou qu'ils viennent à eux selon leurs propres critères, il a répondu : "Non, mais qu'ils viennent à eux selon leurs propres critères et les approuvent."
3. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn Yahya from Ghiyath ibn Ibrahim who has said the following: “Ja‘far (abu ‘Abd Allah), ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has narrated from his father from Ali, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, who has said, ‘Charity (Zakat) is not sold before it is received (collected).”’
IsnādMuhammad ibn Yahya, d'Ahmad ibn Muhammad, de Muhammad ibn Yahya, de Ghayath ibn Ibrahim, de Ja'far, de son père, d'Ali (que la paix soit sur lui)
La charité ne doit pas être vendue jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit pesée.
4. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Muhammad ibn Yahya from Ghiyath ibn Ibrahim who has said the following: “Ja‘far, (abu ‘Abd Allah), ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has narrated from his father who has that when Ali, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, would send a Zakat collector for his task and say to him, ‘When you go to Zakat payer, say to him, “Give charity, may Allah grant you blessings, out of what Allah has granted you.” If he turns away from you, then you must not go to him again.’”
IsnādUn certain nombre de nos compagnons ont rapporté de Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, de Muhammad ibn Yahya, de Ghayath ibn Ibrahim, de Ja'far, de son père (que la paix soit sur lui) qui a dit :
Ali (que la prière d'Allah soit sur lui et sur sa famille) disait à son mandataire : "Lorsque tu te présentes devant le trésorier, dis-lui : 'Fais l'aumône, que Dieu te fasse miséricorde pour ce qu'Il t'a donné. Si tu es repoussé, ne le réclame pas en retour'."
5. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj from Muhammad ibn Khalid who has said the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about charity (Zakat). He (the Imam) said, ‘It is not accepted from you.’ He (the narrator) then said, ‘I take it from my own assets.’ Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, said to him, ‘Instruct your Zakat collector not to move from house to house, bring together what is apart and separate what is together. When he approaches people’s assets he should make the sheep stand in two groups, then allow the owner to choose one of the two groups and allow him to have what he chooses. If the owner desires to have one, two or three sheep from the other group, allow him to have it. Thereafter receive his charity (Zakat). When charity (Zakat) is received, distribute it among those whom he (the owner of assets) wants. If something in exchange for the items received as Zakat is offered, then Zakat payer has the priority over others to have it, but if he does not want, it then can be sold (to others).”’
Isnād`Alī ibn Ibrāhīm rapporte de son père, de Ibn Abī 'Umayr, de 'Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥajjāj, de Muḥammad ibn Khālid, qui a demandé à Abū 'Abdillāh (sur lui la paix) au sujet de l'aumône. Il a répondu : "Cela ne sera pas accepté de toi." Il a dit : "Je le supporte dans mes biens." Abū 'Abdillāh (sur lui la paix) lui a dit : "Ordonne à ton intendant de ne pas mélanger l'eau avec l'eau, de ne pas rassembler ce qui est dispersé, de ne pas séparer ce qui est réuni. Et quand l'argent entre, qu'il partage le troupeau en deux, puis qu'il laisse le choix à son propriétaire entre les deux parts qu'il veut. Quand il aura choisi, qu'il les lui remette. Si l'âme du propriétaire du troupeau suit l'autre moitié, qu'il s'agisse d'une brebis, de deux brebis ou de trois, qu'il les lui remette, puis qu'il prenne son aumône. Quand il l'aura donnée, qu'il la partage avec qui il veut. Si elle atteint un certain prix et que son propriétaire la veut, il est plus en droit de la prendre. S'il ne la veut pas, qu'il la vende."
[Traduction du contenu principal du hadith]
6. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Hassan ibn Ali ibn Yaqtin from his brother Al-Husayn from Ali ibn Yaqtin who has said the following: “I once asked abu al-Hassan, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about Zakat which is of the rate of one out of ten and one who distributes it among those who are not harmful. He (the Imam) said, ‘If he is trustworthy, instruct him to deliver it where it should be delivered; but if you cannot trust him, then take it from him and deliver where it should be delivered.’”
IsnādUn certain nombre de nos compagnons ont rapporté de Ahmad ibn Muhammad, de Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Yaqteen, de son frère Al-Hussein, de Ali ibn Yaqteen, qui a dit : J'ai interrogé Aba Al-Hassan (que la paix soit sur lui) sur celui qui devrait recevoir la zakat al-'ushr de quelqu'un qui n'est pas digne de confiance. Il a répondu : S'il est digne de confiance, ordonne-lui de la placer là où elle doit être placée, et s'il n'est pas digne de confiance, prends-la de lui et place-la là où elle doit être placée.
[Traduction du contenu principal du hadith]
7. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Yunus from Muhammad ibn Muqarrin ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Zam‘ah ibn Subay‘ from his father from his grandfather from grandfather of his father who has said the following: “’Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, wrote to him in the letter that he wrote to him with his own hand writing when he sent him to receive charity (Zakat). Those who owe Jadha’ah as Zakat for camels but do not have Jadha‘ah but have Hiqqah, it is accepted from them, but they must give two sheep along with it or twenty dirham. Those who owe one Hiqqah as Zakat but do not have it, but have Jadha’ah, it is accepted from them and Zakat collector gives them two sheep or twenty dirham. Those who owe Hiqqah as Zakat but do not have Hiqqah but have Ibnata Labun, it is accepted from them with two sheep or twenty dirham. Those who owe Ibnata Labun as Zakat but do not have it, but they have Hiqqah, it is accepted from them and Zakat collector gives them two sheep or twenty dirham. Those who owe Ibnata Labun as Zakat but do not have it but they have Ibnata Makhad, it is accepted from them along with two sheep or twenty dirham. Those who owe Ibnata Makhad as Zakat but do not have it but they have Ibnata Labun, it is accepted from them and Zakat collector gives them two sheep or twenty dirham. Those who do not have Ibnata Makhad as it is but they have a male Ibnata Labun it is accepted from them without anything extra. Those who do not have anything other than four camels and have no other assets, there is not anything on them unless the owner desires (otherwise). If one’s asset is five camels, then its Zakat is one sheep.’” (Ahadith 2-7 are best explained in the form of fatwa.)
IsnādAli ibn Ibrahim rapporte de son père, de Muhammad ibn Isa, de Yunus, de Muhammad ibn Muqarrin ibn Abdullah ibn Zama'ah ibn Subay', de son père, de son grand-père, de l'Imam Ali (que la paix soit sur lui)...
...a écrit dans son livre qu'il lui a remis lorsqu'il l'a envoyé pour collecter les aumônes : "Celui à qui parvient une aumône de chamelle sans chamelle, mais avec un droit, ce droit sera accepté de lui et on y ajoutera deux ou vingt dirhams. Et celui à qui parvient une aumône de droit sans droit, mais avec une chamelle, cette chamelle sera acceptée de lui et le donateur recevra deux ou vingt dirhams du fidèle. Et celui à qui parvient une aumône de droit sans droit, mais avec une fille de Labun, cette fille de Labun sera acceptée de lui et le donateur recevra deux ou vingt dirhams du fidèle..."
8. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Ali ibn al-Asbat from Ahmad ibn Mu’ammar who has said that narrated to me abu al-Hassan al-‘Uraniy from Isma’il ibn Ibrahim from Muhajir from a man from Thaqif who has said the following: “Ali ibn abu Talib, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, commissioned me as collector of zakat (charity) for Ban Qiya (al-Qadisiyah today) and suburbs of al-Kufah. In the presence of people he said to me, Take good care of taxes and do not disregard even one dirham.’ However, see me before you leave for your work.’ He (the narrator) has said, ‘I went to see him and he said to me, “Whatever you heard me say to you was for protective measures only. Never ever beat up a Muslim, a Jew, or a Christian taxpayer for a dirham of tax or buy an animal for work for a dirham. We only receive taxes in ease.’”” (The following chapters are best explained by fatwa.)
IsnādChaîne de transmission:
Abu Al-Hasan Al-Urayni m'a informé, il a dit qu'Isma'il ibn Ibrahim m'a rapporté de Muhajir, d'un homme de Thaqif, qui a dit : Ali ibn Abi Talib (que la paix soit sur lui) m'a employé pour collecter des taxes à Banqiya et Sawad parmi les régions de Kufa. Il m'a dit en présence des gens : "Inspecte tes revenus et ne laisse aucun dirham non trouvé. Quand tu veux te rendre à ton travail, passe par moi." Je suis allé le voir et il m'a dit : "Ce que tu as entendu de moi est une tromperie : ne frappe ni un musulman, ni un juif, ni un chrétien pour une taxe, ni ne vends un animal pour un dirham, car il nous a été ordonné de leur pardonner."