Qui Peut Légalement Recevoir la Zakat et Qui Ne le Peut Pas

2. Hammad ibn ‘Isa has narrated from Hariz ibn ‘Abd Allah from Zurarah ibn ’A‘yan who has said the following: “I once heard abu Ja‘far, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, saying, ‘Charity (Zakat) is not lawful for those who have an established profession or a resourceful one who is capable and strong, so keep yourselves clean from receiving charity (Zakat).”’

J'ai entendu dire qu'il a dit : "La charité n'est pas permise pour celui qui en fait commerce, ni pour celui qui est avare, injuste et fort, alors éloignez-vous d'elle."

3. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Bakr ibn Salih from al-Hassan ibn Ali from ’Isma‘il ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz from his father from abu Basir who has said the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the case of a certain person of our people who has eight hundred dirham, works with pumice, and has a large family to feed, if he can receive Zakat. He (the Imam) asked, ‘O abu Muhammad, can he earn with his dirham the expenses of his family with a certain amount of saving?’ I replied, ‘Yes, he does.’ He (the Imam) then asked, ‘How much does he save?’ I replied, ‘I do not know.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘If his saving amounts to half of his expenses, he cannot receive Zakat, but if it is less than half of his expenses, it is lawful for him to receive Zakat.’ I then asked, ‘Is there any Zakat on his assets?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, there is Zakat on his assets.’ I then asked, ‘How will he deal with it?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘With that he meets his expenses for his family, for their food, drink and clothes, and if anything remains he can give to others and what he receives from Zakat is to raise the standard of the living of his family.’”

[Traduction du contenu principal du hadith]

4. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from his brother al-Hassan from Zur’ah ibn Muhammad from Santa ‘ah who has said the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about Zakat if it can be paid to one who has a house and servants. He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, unless his house is income-producing from which he earns dirham which is enough for his expenses and the expenses of his family. If such income is not enough for his expenses and the expenses of his family like food, clothes and their other needs without excessiveness; then Zakat is lawful for him, but if the income from the house is sufficient for their expenses, then Zakat is not lawful for him.’”

5. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn from Safwan ibn Yahya from ‘Abd al- Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj who has said the following: I once asked abu al-Hassan, the first, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about a man whose father or uncle or brother provides his expenses, if he can receive Zakat to facilitate himself further, in case they do not provide enough facilities in all the things that he needs? He (the Imam) said, ‘It is not harmful.’”

J'ai demandé à Abu al-Hasan al-Awwal (sur lui le salut) au sujet d'un homme dont le père, l'oncle ou le frère lui suffit financièrement, s'il peut prendre de l'aumône légale (zakat) pour s'étendre avec, s'ils ne lui suffisent pas pour tout ce dont il a besoin. Il a répondu: "Il n'y a pas de mal."

6. From Safwan ibn Yahya has narrated from MtFawiyah ibn Wahab who has said the following: “I once asked abu ’Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about a man who has three hundred or four hundred dirham. He has a family to feed and has a profession that he practices but he cannot earn his expenses. Is he required to restrict himself within what he earns, and not to receive Zakat, or that he can receive Zakat also. He (the Imam) said, ‘No, he must use the extra (profit from his dirham not the capital) for his expenses and his dependents and receive the deficit from Zakat, use dirham in business and must not spend it.’”

J'ai interrogé Abou Abdillah (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet d'un homme possédant trois cents ou quatre cents dirhams, ayant des personnes à charge, et exerçant une profession, sans pouvoir dépenser sa dépense pour elles. Doit-il mendier et manger cette somme, ou doit-il prendre la zakat ou la prendre ? Il répondit : Non, mais il doit regarder son excédent et en nourrir sa famille avec, autant que cela leur suffit, et prendre le reste de la zakat et en disposer sans la dépenser.

7. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from ‘Umar ibn ’Udhaynah from more than one person who has said the following: “Abu Ja‘far, and abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhim al-Salam, were asked if a man who has a house and servant can receive Zakat. He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, he can receive Zakat, because house and servant are not wealth.’”

...qu'ils furent interrogés au sujet d'un homme possédant une maison et un serviteur ou un esclave, s'il devait acquitter la zakat. Ils répondirent : "Oui, car la maison et le serviteur ne sont pas considérés comme de la richesse".

8. Ahmad ibn Idris has narrated from Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Jabbar from Safwan ibn Yahya from Ishaq ibn ‘Ammar who has said the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about a man who has eight hundred dirham, his son has two hundred dirham. He has ten dependents to feed. He lives with difficulty and does not have any profession. He only uses his dirham as capital to earn his living. It remains idle for months. He uses his savings for his expenses. Do you consider it proper his taking from Zakat that he owes to spend and facilitate his dependents? He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, he can do so, but he must take it in the form of dirham.’”

J'ai dit à Abu Abdullah (sur lui le salut) : Un homme possède huit cents dirhams et un autre en possède deux cents, et il a dix personnes à charge, et il les nourrit d'une nourriture abondante, sans avoir de métier par lequel il gagne sa vie, mais il les entretient en vendant ces biens. Les mois passent sans qu'il s'en rende compte, puis il mange de ce qu'il en reste. Penses-tu qu'il doit donner la zakat de cet argent quand elle est due, et ensuite la reprendre pour la dépenser pour sa famille ? Il dit : Oui, mais il doit en donner quelque chose, même un dirham.

9. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from his brother al-Hassan from Zur’ah from Sanaa ‘ah who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘Sometimes it is lawful for one who has seven hundred dirham to receive Zakat but it is unlawful for one who has fifty dirham.’ I then asked, ‘How can that happen?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Sometimes the owner of seven hundred may have a large family to feed and it is not enough for them, so he can exempt himself and receive Zakat for his family. Zakat can become unlawful for the owner of fifty if he is alone and has a profession. He works and earns enough, by the will of Allah.’”

"La zakat est due pour celui qui possède sept cents (dirhams) et elle est interdite pour celui qui possède cinquante dirhams. Je lui ai demandé : 'Comment cela peut-il être ?' Il a répondu : 'Si celui qui possède sept cents dirhams a de nombreux enfants, s'il les partage entre eux, cela ne leur suffirait pas. Il devrait alors s'en abstenir lui-même et les prendre pour ses enfants. Quant à celui qui possède cinquante dirhams, s'il est seul et qu'il en vit en les utilisant, cela lui suffira, si Dieu le veut.'"

10. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ’Isma‘il ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz from his father who has said the following: “Once, abu Basir and I visited abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, and abu Basir said to him (the Imam), ‘We have a friend and he is a truthful person. He follows Allah’s religion as we do.’ He (the Imam) asked, ‘Who is he, O abu Basir, whom you admire?’ Abu Basir, replied, ‘He is al-‘Abbas ibn al-Walid ibn Sabih.’ He (the Imam) then said, ‘May Allah grant mercy to al-Walid ibn Sabih! What has happened to him, O abu Muhammad?’ Abu Basir said, ‘I pray to Allah to keep my soul in service for your cause, he has a house which is valued at four thousand dirham. He has a slave-girl and slave servant who provides water every day for two to four dirham minus feed for the camel and he has a family. Can he receive Zakat?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, he can receive Zakat.’ Abu Basir said, ‘But he has all these assets.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘O abu Muhammad, do you command me to command him to sell his house which is for his dignity and the place of his birth? Alternatively, must he sell his slave-girl who protects him from hot and cold weather and protects him and his wife’s dignity? On the other hand, must he sell his slave and his camel, which are means for his living and expenses? In fact, he must receive Zakat and it is lawful for him. He does not have to sell his house, his slave or his camel.’”

... Abu Basir lui dit : Nous avons un compagnon, un homme véridique, qui croit en Dieu comme nous croyons en Lui. Abu 'Abdullah lui demanda : Qui est-ce, ô Abu Muhammad, que tu loues ainsi ? Abu Basir répondit : Al-'Abbas ibn al-Walid ibn Sabih. Abu 'Abdullah dit : Que Dieu ait pitié de al-Walid ibn Sabih, qu'a-t-il fait, ô Abu Muhammad ? Il répondit : Je te mets en gage une maison valant quatre mille dirhams, avec une servante et un jeune garçon qui abreuve les chameaux chaque jour entre deux dirhams et quatre, en plus de la nourriture des chameaux. Il a des enfants. Peut-il prendre de l'aumône ? Oui, répondit-il. Et il a ces biens. Abu 'Abdullah dit : Ô Abu Muhammad, dois-je lui ordonner de vendre sa maison, qui est sa dignité et son abri, ou de vendre sa servante qui le protège de la chaleur et du froid et prend soin de son visage et du visage de ses enfants, ou de vendre son jeune garçon et ses chameaux, qui sont sa subsistance ? Non, il doit prendre l'aumône, qui lui est licite, et ne pas vendre sa maison, ni son jeune garçon, ni ses chameaux.

11. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from his brother Zur’ah from Sama‘ah who has said the following: “I once asked abu ’Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about a man who has a certain number of dirham which he uses in business, Zakat has become obligatory on him and his savings are enough for the expenses of his family, like food and clothes but not for cooking curry. It is only for their food and clothes. He (the Imam) said, ‘He waits for the Zakat of his assets, pays from it to the deserving beneficiaries a certain amount. What is left, he spends on his family to buy with it gravy curry for them and what is for their well being and food without excessiveness but he himself must not eat from it; because sometimes poor people act more excessively than affluent ones.’ I then asked, ‘How can that happen?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Affluent people spend from what they earn, but poor people spend without earning.’”

J'ai demandé à lui (Imam Sadiq) au sujet d'un homme qui possède des pièces de monnaie avec lesquelles il travaille, et sur lesquelles la zakat est obligatoire, et dont le surplus qu'il gagne avec son argent suffit à sa famille pour leur nourriture et leurs vêtements, mais ne suffit pas pour les esclaves. Ce surplus est seulement pour leur nourriture et leurs vêtements. Il a dit : "Qu'il regarde la zakat de son argent et qu'il en donne un peu, que ce soit peu ou beaucoup, à quelqu'un à qui la zakat est licite, et qu'il compte ce qui reste de la zakat pour sa famille. Qu'il achète avec cela de la nourriture pour eux et ce qui les rendra meilleurs sans gaspillage, et qu'il ne mange pas de cela, car il est possible qu'un pauvre dépense plus qu'un riche." J'ai dit : "Comment un pauvre peut-il dépenser plus qu'un riche ?" Il a dit : "Le riche dépense de ce qu'il a reçu, tandis que le pauvre dépense de ce qu'il n'a pas reçu."

12. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Hassan ibn Mahbub from Mu‘awiyah ibn Wahab who has said the following: “I once said to abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, ‘They narrate from the Holy prophet, “Charity (Zakat) is not lawful for the rich people, or resourceful strong ones.’” Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al- Salam, said, ‘It is not proper for the rich people.’”

L'aumône n'est pas permise au riche.

13. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Hammad ibn ‘Uthman from al-Halabiy who has said the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about how much is paid to Zakat collector. He (the Imam) said, ‘It is whatever the Imam deems proper. There is nothing definite about it.’”

J'ai demandé : "Que doit donner celui qui fait l'aumône ?" Il a répondu : "Ce que l'Imam estime juste, sans qu'il ne lui soit imposé quoi que ce soit."

14. Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan from Safwan ibn Yahya from ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj who has said the following: “I once asked abu al-Hassan, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about a man who is a Muslim and a slave and his owner is a Muslim man and he has a certain amount of asset from which he pays Zakat. The slave has a small child who is free. Can the master pay Zakat to the child of his slave? He (the Imam) said, ‘It is not harmful.’”

J'ai dit à Abi al-Hasan (sur lui la paix) : Un homme musulman possède un esclave musulman et son maître est un homme musulman qui a de l'argent à purifier, et l'esclave a un petit enfant libre. Est-il permis à son maître de donner de l'aumône à l'enfant de son esclave ? Il répondit : Il n'y a aucun mal à cela.

15. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Dawud al-Sarmiy who has said the following: “I once asked him (the Imam), ‘Alayhi al-Salam, if Zakat can be given to one who consumes wine. He (the Imam) said, ‘No, Zakat cannot be given to such person.”

`Il a répondu : Non.`