Les Recommandations du Messager d'Allah et de l'Amir al-Mu'minin concernant les Petites Expéditions Armées

2. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from al-Nawfaliy from al-Sakuniy who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘The Messenger of Allah, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, prohibited spreading of poison in the lands of the pagans.”’

قَالَ قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلام) نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ (صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِه) أَنْ يُلْقَى السَّمُّ فِي بِلادِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ.

3. Muhammad ibn Yahya from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa, from ibn Mahbub from ‘Abbad ibn Suhayb who has said the following: “I heard abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, saying, ‘The Messenger of Allah, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, never launched a surprise attack against the enemy during the night.’”

Le Messager de Dieu (que la prière de Dieu et Sa paix soient sur lui et sur sa famille) n'a jamais passé la nuit en tant qu'ennemi.

4. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father, from al-Nawfaliy from al-Sakuniy who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘The Messenger of Allah sent me to Yemen and said to me, “You must not fight anyone before calling him to Allah. I swear by Allah, if Allah guides through you one man it will be more excellent for you than all the things on which the sun shines and sets. You, O Ali, will have his guardianship.’””

Amir al-Mu'minin (le Commandeur des Croyants), que la paix de Dieu soit sur lui, a dit : "Le Messager de Dieu, que la prière de Dieu et Ses bénédictions soient sur lui et sa famille, m'a envoyé au Yémen et m'a dit : 'Ô Ali, ne combats personne avant de l'avoir invité (à l'islam), et je jure par Dieu qu'il vaut mieux pour toi que Dieu guide par ta main un homme que ce sur quoi le soleil se lève et se couche, et son allégeance sera pour toi, ô Ali.'"

5. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Aban ibn ‘Uthman from Yahya ibn abu al-‘Ala’ who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, would not launch attacks against the enemy until after the declining of the sun toward the west. He would say, ‘At such time the doors of heaven open up, mercy comes forward and victory descends.’ He would also say, ‘Such time is closer to the night, prone to reduced killing, pursuers return and fleeing ones disappear.’”

a dit : "L'Imam des croyants (que la prière d'Allah et Ses bénédictions soient sur lui) ne combattait pas jusqu'à ce que le soleil se couche, disant : 'Les portes du ciel s'ouvrent, la miséricorde descend, la victoire arrive.' Il disait aussi : 'La nuit est proche, il est plus approprié de retarder le combat. Le chercheur revient et le vaincu est sauvé.'"

6. Ali has narrated from his father, from al-Qasim ibn Muhammad from al-Minqariy from Hafs ibn Ghiyath who has said the following: “A city of the unbelievers is in the state of war (against Muslims); can it be flooded, set on fire or fired upon with catapults to destroy them even when there are women, children, old people and Muslims taken as prisoners of war and merchants?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It can be done and it cannot be stopped because of the people you mentioned. The Muslims do not have to pay any compensation to anyone or ransom.’ “I also asked him, ‘Why is it that women do not have to pay taxes?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It is because the Messenger of Allah, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, prohibited fighting women and children in the war zone unless they fight. If women fight, one must cease fire as far as possible and there is no fear of a breach. Since he prohibited fighting in the war zone, in the peace zone (Islamic domain) it certainly is forbidden. If she refuses to pay taxes, destroying her is not possible and when destroying her is not possible there is no tax on her to pay. If men refuse to pay taxes, they will be in breach of the covenant and it is lawful to eliminate them; elimination of men is lawful in pagans’ lands. The case of the crippled, ones of the tax payers, blind, old ones, women and children in the war zone is the same and for this reason they are not to pay taxes.’”

J'ai interrogé Abou Abdillah (sur lui la paix) au sujet d'une ville parmi les villes des gens de la guerre, est-il permis de leur envoyer de l'eau et de les brûler par le feu ou de les bombarder avec des catapultes jusqu'à ce qu'ils soient tués, parmi eux se trouvent des femmes, des enfants, des personnes âgées, des prisonniers musulmans, des commerçants ? Il a dit : Cela peut être fait envers eux, et on ne doit pas s'abstenir de le faire pour eux, il n'y a pas de diya (compensation financière) pour les musulmans envers eux, ni d'expiation. Je lui ai demandé au sujet des femmes, comment la jizya (taxe) a été levée d'elles et a été retirée d'elles ? Il a dit : Parce que le Messager d'Allah (que la paix soit sur lui et sur sa famille) a interdit de combattre les femmes et les enfants dans le territoire de guerre, sauf s'ils combattent aussi, alors retiens-la autant que possible et ne crains pas une faute. Lorsqu'il a interdit de les tuer dans le territoire de guerre, il est plus approprié dans le territoire de l'Islam, et si elle refuse de payer la jizya, il n'est pas permis de la tuer. Lorsqu'il n'est pas permis de la tuer, la jizya est levée d'elle. Et si les hommes refusent de payer la jizya, ils violent le pacte, leur sang est licite et ils peuvent être tués, car tuer les hommes est permis dans le territoire de la mécréance, de même pour le muqad (celui qui a conclu un pacte de protection avec les musulmans), l'aveugle, le vieillard, la femme et les enfants dans le territoire de guerre, c'est pourquoi la jizya leur a été levée.

7. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from al-Nawfaliy from al-Sakuniy who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that when the Holy Prophet, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, dispatched a small group of people for an armed expedition, he would pray in their favor.”

`Lorsque le Prophète (que la prière d'Allah et Son salut soient sur lui et sur sa famille) envoyait une expédition, il invoquait des bénédictions pour elle.`

8. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from Harun ibn Muslim Mas’adah ibn Sadaqah who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that when the Holy Prophet appointed a commander for a small group of people to be dispatched for an armed expedition, he commanded him to maintain piety before Allah in his own affairs, then he commanded him to maintain piety in the affairs of the people under his command. He then said, ‘Mobilize in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. Fight those who reject belief in Allah. You must not betray, or deceive, you must not deform anyone, you must not kill children, you must not kill devoted worshippers who live in desolate places, you must not burn palm trees or flood them in water, you must not cut down fruit-bearing trees, you must not burn down farms because you do not know who will use them for food. When you meet an enemy of the Muslims, give him three choices. If he accepts you also must accept it from him and allow him to live free. Call them to al-Islam. If they accept you must also accept it (their acceptance) and allow them to live free; or ask them to migrate (to the land under the Islamic domain) after their accepting al-Islam. If they accepted you must also accept it from them and allow them to live free. If they refuse migration but choose to remain in their land and refuse to move to migration locations, they are considered as the believing Arabs. Whatever applied to believing Arabs apply to them. They will have no share in al- Fai ’ and any dividend until they move in the way of Allah. If they refuse to accept both of the previous choices, then ask them to pay taxes with their own hands in a humble manner. If they agree to pay taxes then you must accept it from them and allow them to be free. If they refuse all the choices, then ask assistance from Allah and do Jihad against them in the way Jihad must be performed. If the residents of the stronghold are surrounded and they propose that they are ready to accept the laws of Allah in the matter, do not accept their proposal. Ask them to accept your decision in the matter. Thereafter make your decision the way you want. If you leave them according to the laws of Allah, you will not be able to find if you have found Allah’s applicable law in the matter or not. When you surround the residents of a stronghold and they ask you to deal with them upon the responsibility of Allah and the responsibility of His Messenger, you must not agree with such a proposal. In fact you must deal with them upon your own responsibility and the responsibility of your fathers and brothers. It is easier for you if you could not keep up with your responsibility and the responsibility of your fathers and brothers, than your failure to keep up with the responsibility of Allah and His Messenger ‘Alayhi al-Salam.’”

Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui et sa famille) a dit : "Lorsqu'il envoyait un commandant en expédition, il lui ordonnait de craindre Dieu Tout-Puissant en privé d'abord, puis en public avec ses compagnons. Ensuite, il disait : 'Partez au nom de Dieu et pour la cause de Dieu, combattez ceux qui renient Dieu, ne soyez pas perfides, ne soyez pas excessifs, ne mutiler pas, ne tuez pas d'enfants, ni de personnes âgées, ne brûlez pas de palmiers, ne noyez pas les arbres, ne coupez pas d'arbres fruitiers, ne brûlez pas de cultures, car vous pourriez en avoir besoin, ne tuez pas les animaux sauf pour vous nourrir, et si vous rencontrez des ennemis des musulmans, invitez-les à l'une des trois options. S'ils acceptent, acceptez d'eux et cessez de les combattre. Invitez-les ensuite à l'islam. S'ils y entrent, acceptez-les et cessez de les combattre. Invite-les ensuite à l'émigration après l'islam. S'ils le font, acceptez-les et cessez de les combattre. S'ils refusent d'émigrer et préfèrent rester chez eux, et ne veulent pas entrer dans le territoire de l'émigration, ils auront le statut des Bédouins croyants. Les règles qui s'appliquent aux Bédouins croyants s'appliqueront à eux, et ils ne seront pas soumis aux prélèvements ou aux divisions, sauf s'ils émigrent pour la cause de Dieu. S'ils refusent ces deux options, invitez-les à payer la taxe de capitation tout en étant dans un état de faiblesse. S'ils paient la taxe, acceptez-la d'eux et cessez de les combattre. S'ils refusent, demandez l'aide de Dieu et combattez-les de la manière appropriée pour la cause de Dieu. Si vous assiégez des gens dans une forteresse et qu'ils acceptent de se soumettre au jugement de Dieu, ne les soumettez pas à ce jugement, mais jugez-les selon vos propres lois. Ensuite, prenez des décisions à leur égard comme vous le souhaitez. Si vous les laissez soumis au jugement de Dieu, vous ne savez pas si vous appliquerez correctement le jugement de Dieu sur eux ou non. Si vous assiégez des gens dans une forteresse et qu'ils acceptent de se soumettre à votre protection et à la protection de Dieu et de Son Messager, ne les soumettez pas à cette protection, mais assurez-vous de leur propre protection ainsi que de celle de vos pères et de vos frères. Si vous renoncez à leur protection ainsi qu'à celle de vos pères et de vos frères, il vous sera plus facile le Jour du Jugement de renoncer à votre protection et à celle de vos pères et de vos frères que de renoncer à la protection de Dieu et de Son Messager."

9. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Washsha’ from Muhammad ibn Humran and Jamil ibn al-Darraj who both have narrated who has said the following: “Abu ‘ Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that whenever the Messenger of Allah dispatched a small group for an armed expedition, he called their commander and made him sit on his side. He then called the soldiers and made them sit in front of him and said to them, ‘March in the name of Allah, with Allah, in the way of Allah and upon the religion of the Messenger of Allah. You must not betray and you must not act excessively, you must not deform people, you must not cut down trees unless you are forced, you must not kill old people, children and women. If anyone of the Muslims of a higher or lower position looks with sympathy upon any of the pagans, such pagan person is in his protection until he hears the words of Allah. When he, the pagan man, hears the words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, and if he follows you, he then is considered your brother in religion and if he refused, then ask Allah for assistance against him and send him back to his safe place.’” Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Jamil from abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, a similar Hadith. Except that he has said, “If anyone of the Muslims looks on a pagan man with sympathy in the near or far away positions of the army, such pagan man is considered under his protection.”

[Contenu principal du hadith]