Dettes et Emprunts

3. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Ali ibn al-Hakam from Musa ibn Bakr who has said the following: “Abu al-Hassan, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, said to me, ‘Whoever works to provide sustenance for himself and his family is considered a Mujahid (fighter) for the cause of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious. If poverty over-powers him, he then should borrow upon the responsibility of Allah and His Messenger for his sustenance and his family. If he dies and cannot pay back, it then becomes the responsibility of the Imam to pay it. If he did not do so, he will be held responsible. Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, says, ‘Charities are for the poor, destitute and the charity (tax) collectors . . . ., and those suffering bankruptcy.’ (9:61) He is poor, destitute and bankrupt.’”

Celui qui cherche sa subsistance licite pour la ramener à lui-même et à sa famille, c'est comme s'il était un combattant dans le chemin d'Allah. S'il est vaincu, qu'il se tourne vers Allah et Son Messager pour subvenir aux besoins de sa famille. S'il meurt sans avoir réglé ses affaires, c'est à l'Imam de le faire. S'il ne le fait pas, le péché lui incombe. Certes, Allah dit: "Les aumônes ne sont destinées que aux pauvres, aux nécessiteux, à ceux qui y travaillent, à ceux dont les cœurs sont à gagner, aux esclaves endettés." Il est donc pauvre, nécessiteux et endetté.

4. Ahmad ibn Muhammad from has narrated from Hamdan ibn Ibrahim al- Hamadaniy in a in a marfu’ manner from the truthful ones who has narrated the following: “He (the Imam), ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘I like for a man, who is indebted, to sincerely have the intention of paying it off.’”

"Certes, j'aime qu'un homme ait une dette sur lui et qu'il ait l'intention de la rembourser."

5. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Muhammad ibn Al-Husayn from Muhammad ibn Sulayman from a man of the people of al- Jazirah called abu Muhammad who has said the following: “A man asked al-Rida’, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, when I was listening, ‘I pray to Allah to keep my soul in service for your cause, Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, says, “If one has difficulty to pay his debts, he should be given respite until he is able to pay.” (2:281) Explain to me the limits of this “respite” of which Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has spoken in His book. When a person with such difficulties is required to pay back? He has taken from the properties of the lender to spend on his family. He does not have any farm to wait for the harvest season, has not lent money to anyone to wait for payment time or an amount of lost property that he hopes will be found.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘He is given respite until the Imam is informed about his condition who will pay on his behalf of the share of the bankrupt people, if he has spent what he has borrowed in obedience to Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious. If he has spent in disobedience to Allah, then the Imam is not responsible for his debts.’ I (the narrator) then asked, ‘What happens if the lender who trusted him and did not know if he (borrower) spends it in obedience or disobedience to the command of Allah?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘He can try to get back what he has lent from the properties of the borrowers who must yield.” (Fatwa best explains the last part of the above case.)

Al-Rida (que la paix soit sur lui) a été interrogé par un homme alors que j'étais présent. Il lui dit: "Je te mets en gage, certes Allah Tout-Puissant dit: 'Et s'il est dans une gêne, alors un sursis jusqu'à ce qu'il soit à l'aise.' Informe-moi de ce sursis mentionné par Allah dans Son Livre, il a une limite connue. Quand celui qui est dans la difficulté y parvient, il doit attendre. Cet homme a pris l'argent et l'a dépensé pour sa famille, sans excès à attendre, ni dette à régler, ni argent absent à attendre son retour. Oui, il doit attendre autant que sa nouvelle parvient à l'Imam, qui décide pour lui de la part des débiteurs, s'il l'a dépensé dans l'obéissance à Allah. Mais s'il l'a dépensé dans la désobéissance à Allah, il n'a rien à réclamer à l'Imam." J'ai demandé: "Et que doit faire cet homme qui lui a confié son argent sans savoir s'il l'a dépensé dans l'obéissance à Allah ou dans la désobéissance?" Il a répondu: "Il doit chercher dans ses biens et les lui rendre, même s'il est petit."

6. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from [ibn abu ‘Umayr] from Hanan ibn Sadir from his father who has said the following: “Abu Ja‘far, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘Being killed for the cause of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, serves as expiation for all kinds of sins except debts, for which there is no expiation other than paying it back or those liable pay or the owner of the lending right waives it in favor of the borrower.’”

Chaque péché est expié par le martyre dans le chemin d'Allah, à l'exception de la dette, pour laquelle il n'y a pas d'expiation sauf son paiement, ou que le créancier renonce à celle-ci.

7. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from al-‘ Abbas the one whom he has mentioned (in his book) who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘The Imam pays off the debts of the believing people except Muhur (dowry) of women.’”

L'Imam décide des dettes des croyants, à l'exception des dots des femmes.

8. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Hammad ibn ‘Isa from al-Walid ibn Sabih who has said the following: “Once a man came to abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, saying that al-Mu‘alla’ ibn Khunays owed him a certain amount and said, ‘He has destroyed my rights.’ Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, said, ‘Your rights are destroyed by the one who murdered him (al-Mu‘alla’).’ He (the Imam) then told al- Walid to pay back his rights, ‘I like to cool down his skin which was cool already.’”

Un homme est venu voir Abu Abdullah (paix soit sur lui) et a prétendu que Al-Mu'alla ibn Khunays lui devait de l'argent. Il a dit : Il a emporté mon droit. Abu Abdullah (paix soit sur lui) lui a dit : Il a emporté ton droit, celui que tu as tué. Ensuite, il a dit à Al-Walid : Lève-toi, va vers cet homme et règle son droit, car je veux lui jeter sur le dos la peau qui était froide.

9. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn abu ‘Abd Allah from Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from ‘Uthman ibn Sa‘id from ‘Abd al-karim, of the people of Hamadan from abu Thumamah who has said the following: “I once said to abu Ja‘far, al-Thaniy, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, ‘I like to reside in Makkah or al-Madinah, but there is a certain amount of debt that I must pay. What do you advise me to do?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘You must return to pay off what you owe, and bear in mind that you must go before Allah, most High, when there is no debts due on you. A believing person does not commit treachery.’”

"Retourne et rembourse ta dette à ton créancier, puis cherche à rencontrer Allah Très-Haut. Tu n'auras plus de dette, car le croyant ne trahit pas."

10. Ali ibn Muhammad has narrated from Ishaq ibn Muhammad al-Nakha’iy from Muhammad ibn Jumhur from Fadalah from Musa ibn Bakr who has said the following: “I heard abu al-Hassan, Musa, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, read the following: ‘O mother, if I may become indebted (consider) that Moses son of ‘Imran would also borrow.’”

Je n'ai pas compté combien de fois j'ai entendu Abu al-Hasan Musa (sur lui la paix) réciter des poèmes. Si, ô Umayma, tu as une dette envers moi, Imran ibn Musa te remboursera.

11. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Ja’far ibn Muhammad al-Ash’ariy from ibn al-Qaddah who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, from his ancestors from Ali, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has stated this Hadith. ‘Beware of debts; it humiliates during the day and causes sadness during the night and it is payable both in this world and in the hereafter.’”

Méfiez-vous des dettes, car elles sont une humiliation en plein jour, une préoccupation la nuit, un jugement dans ce monde et un jugement dans l'au-delà.