L'achat des esclaves

2. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn ‘Isma’il who has said the following: “A certain person of our people died without a will and his case was presented before a judge of al- Kufah. ‘Abd al-Hamid was appointed as the supervisor over his affairs. The man had left behind small heirs, assets and slave-girls. ‘Abd al-Hamid sold the assets and when he wanted to sell the slave-girls, His heart became weak in selling them because the deceased had not appointed him as executor of his will and his appointment was because of the order of the judge and it was a matter of Furuj (matters of reproductive issue). I then asked abu Ja’far, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about it saying, ‘If a man of our people dies without a will and leaves behind slave-girls, then the judge appoints a man from us as supervisor to sell the slave-girls or says that a man from us looks after this issue and his heart becomes weak because it is a matter of Furuj; what do you say about it?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘If the supervisor is like you or like ‘Abd al-Hamid it is not unlawful.’”

Un homme parmi nos compagnons est décédé sans laisser de testament. Son cas a été porté devant le juge de Koufa, et Abd al-Hamid al-Qayyim a été chargé de ses biens. L'homme a laissé derrière lui de jeunes héritiers, des biens et des esclaves. Abd al-Hamid a vendu les biens, mais quand il a voulu vendre les esclaves, son cœur a faibli car le défunt n'avait pas laissé de testament. J'ai mentionné cela à Abu Ja'far (que la paix soit sur lui) en disant : "Un homme parmi nos compagnons décède sans laisser de testament, laissant derrière lui des esclaves. Le juge désigne l'un d'entre nous pour les vendre, mais son cœur faiblit car ce sont des femmes. Qu'en pensez-vous ?" Il a répondu : "S'il est digne de confiance comme toi et comme Abd al-Hamid, alors il n'y a pas de problème."

3. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ‘Uthman ibn ‘Isa from Sama‘ah who has said the following: “I once asked him (the Imam), ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the case of a man who buys a slave, who is a runaway one, from his people. He (the Imam) said, ‘It is not valid unless he buys something else along with him and says, “I buy from you this thing and your slave so and so for so and so amount” and if he cannot find the slave his price (asset) will be in what he has paid for that thing.’”

J'ai demandé à Sama'ah au sujet d'un homme qui achète un esclave tout en étant endetté envers sa famille. Il a répondu : "Il ne convient que s'il achète quelque chose d'autre avec lui et dise : 'Je t'achète ceci de toi et ton esclave pour telle somme'. S'il n'est pas capable de payer l'esclave, le prix de ce qu'il a acheté sera pour l'esclave."

4. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Ahmad ibn Muhammad all from al-Hassan ibn Mahbub from Rifa’ah al-Nakhkhas who has said the following: “I once said to abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, ‘I have made a deal with a man in the manner of Musawamah (fixed price regardless of capital) about his slave-girl. He sold her to me on my demand and I took possession on that basis, sent him a thousand dirham and said to him, ‘This is a thousand because of my order.’ He refused to accept it from me and I had already touched her before sending the thousand dirham. He (the Imam) said, ‘I say that you must evaluate the slave-girl for a fair price. If her price is more than what you sent to him you must complete the deficit, and if the price is less than what you have sent to him it belongs to him.’ I then said, ‘What happens if I find a defect in her after touching her?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘You cannot return her. You can, however, demand for the difference of her prices as defect-free and defective condition.’”

[votre traduction du contenu principal du hadith]

5. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Hammad from al-Halabiy who has said the following: “This is about the case of a slave who is owned by several people and one of them sells his share and the other says, ‘I am more rightful to buy it if his claim is right.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It is a right if there is only one shareholder.’ It then was asked if there is right of al-Shuf’ (priority right over others to buy) in the sale of animals. He (the Imam) said, ‘No, there is no right of al-Shuf ’ in the sale of animals.’”

Il a dit à propos des esclaves : "Il peut y avoir une situation où il y a des copropriétaires et l'un d'eux vend sa part, puis l'autre lui dit : 'Je suis plus en droit de l'avoir.' Est-ce que cela est permis ?" Il a répondu : "Oui, si c'est un seul individu." Puis on lui a demandé à propos de l'animal en tant que compensation, il a dit : "Non."

6. Muhammad ibn ‘Isma’il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Ibrahim ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid who has said the following: “About the case of buying and the sale of Romans, Abu al-Hassan, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘(If they are for sale), buy and sell them.’”

Dans l'achat des esclaves romains, il a dit : "Achetez-les et vendez-les."

7. Humayd ibn Ziyad from ai-Hassan ibn Muhammad ibn Sama‘ah from more than one person from Aban ibn ‘Uthman from ‘Isma’ii ibn ai-Fadi who has said the following: “This is concerning my question before abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about buying slaves of tax payers if their government approves. He (the Imam) said, ‘If the authority over them approves you can buy and marry them.’”

Si ils y consentent, alors achète-le et marie-le.

8. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn Sahl from Zakariya ibn Adam who has said the following: “I once asked al-Rida’, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the enemy people who make peace, then breach it because justice was not practiced with them; if it is permissible to buy their captives. He (the Imam) said, ‘If they are open enemies you can buy but if they are exiled and treated unjustly, then do not buy their captives.’ I asked him (the Imam) about captives from Daylam who steal from each other and the Muslims invade them without authorization from Imam; if buying them is permissible. He (the Imam) said, ‘If they confess their slavery, then it is not unlawful.’ I then asked him (the Imam) about taxpayer people who face famine and a man brings his children and says: this is for you feed him and he is for you. He (the Imam) said, ‘You must not sell free people. It is not lawful for you as well as for the tax payers.’”

Si vous acceptez l'esclavage, il n'y a pas de mal à commercer avec eux. Ne prenez pas un homme libre, car il ne vous convient pas, ni à un dhimmi.

9. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Ahmad ibn Muhammad all from ibn Mahbub from Rifa’ah al- Nakhkhas who has said the following: “I once asked abu al-Hassan, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about Romans who invade al-Saqalibah (a people who lived between Bulgaria and Constantinople (Istanbul)), steal their children, slave-girls and slave-boys, then castrate the slave-boys, then send them to Baghdad for the merchants. What do you say about them and we know they are stolen and they were invaded wrongfully without declared war among them. He (the Imam) said, ‘It is not unlawful to buy them because they have only taken them from paganism to al-Islam.’”

Il n'y a pas de mal à les acheter, car ils les ont sortis de la mécréance vers la demeure de l'Islam.

10. Humayd ibn Ziyad has narrated from al-Hassan ibn Muhammad ibn Sama‘ah from more than one person from Aban from ‘Abd al- Rahman ibn abu ‘Abd Allah who has said the following: “This is concerning my question before abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the slaves of the taxpayers; if I can buy from them. He (the Imam) said, ‘You can buy them if they certify their slavery.’”

J'ai demandé à Abou Abdullah (sur lui soit la paix) au sujet de l'esclave d'un dhimmi à qui j'achète quelque chose, il a dit: Achète-lui si leur esclave est d'accord.

11. Aban has narrated from Zurarah who has said the following: “This is concerning my question before abu ‘ Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the case of a man who buys a slave-girl for a certain price, then sells her (on credit) and makes a profit before paying the owner. The owner comes and demands payment but he does not pay. The owner says to those who have bought her to pay him what the person selling the slave-girl owes him and the profit that he has made is for them. He (the Imam) said, ‘It is not unlawful.’”

J'ai interrogé l'Imam Sadiq (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet d'un homme qui avait acheté une esclave à un prix déterminé, puis l'avait revendue avec un bénéfice avant que son propriétaire initial ne la libère. L'acheteur est venu réclamer son dû sans avoir encore payé le prix. Alors, le propriétaire de l'esclave dit à ceux qui l'avaient vendue : "Payez-moi mon dû, et ce que j'ai gagné sur vous vous appartient." L'Imam Sadiq (que la paix soit sur lui) répondit : "Il n'y a pas de mal."

12. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu Najran from ‘Asem ibn Hamid from Muhammad ibn Qays who has said the following: “Abu Ja‘far, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that ’Amir al-Mu’minin, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, issued a judgment in the case of a slave-girl who is the mother of a child who is sold by the son of her master in the absence of his father. The buyer made her to become pregnant and a boy was born. Then her first master came and disputed the second master, saying: she was the mother of my child whom my son had sold without my permission. He (the Imam) said, ’The judgment gave him the mother and the child.’ The one who had bought begged and pleaded before him (the Imam). He said, ‘Take his son who sold to you the mother of the child until he pays you for the sale.’ When he took him his father said, ‘Allow my son to go.’ He said, ‘No, by Allah, I will not allow him to go until you allow my son to go.’ When the master of the mother of the child saw this he authorized the sale of his son.’”

Le Commandeur des Croyants (que la prière d'Allah et Ses bénédictions soient sur lui et sa famille) a statué concernant une esclave qu'un homme avait achetée alors que son maître et son père étaient absents. L'acheteur l'a fait accoucher d'un garçon. Ensuite, le premier maître est revenu et a contesté le deuxième maître en disant : "Mon esclave a été vendue par mon fils sans ma permission." Le jugement a été que l'enfant et son fils soient rendus à leur propriétaire. L'acheteur a demandé à l'homme qui l'avait vendue de reprendre son fils jusqu'à ce qu'il rembourse le prix de vente. Lorsqu'il l'a repris, le père a dit à l'acheteur : "Envoie mon fils." Il a répondu : "Non, par Allah, je n'enverrai pas ton fils vers toi tant que tu n'enverras pas le mien." Lorsque le maître de l'esclave a vu cela, il a approuvé la vente de son fils.

13. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Jamil ibn Darraj from Hamzah ibn Humran who has said the following: “I once said to abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, ‘I go to the market to buy a slave-girl and she says that she is free. He (the Imam) said, ‘You can buy her unless she presents proof of her freedom.’”

Achète-la, à moins qu'elle n'ait une preuve de sa liberté.

14. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Zurarah who has said the following: “Once I was sitting with abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, when a man came in with his son. Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, asked, ‘What kind of business does your son do?’ He replied, ‘He sells slaves.’ Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, said, ‘You must not buy what is defective physically or morally. When you buy a head, you must not show its price on balance; whatever head sees its price in the balance it does not succeed. When you buy a head change its name, feed it something sweet and when you become the owner give four dirham charity for it.’”

Je me trouvais assis auprès d'Abu 'Abdullah (sur lui la paix) quand un homme entra avec son fils. Abu 'Abdullah (sur lui la paix) lui demanda : "Quel est le commerce de ton fils ?" Il répondit : "Il est commerçant de dattes." Abu 'Abdullah (sur lui la paix) lui dit : "Ne vends rien de mauvaise qualité. Et quand tu achètes une marchandise, ne montre pas son prix dans la balance. Car quiconque voit le prix de sa marchandise dans la balance réussira. Et quand tu achètes une marchandise, change son nom, nourris-la de quelque chose de sucré quand tu la possèdes, et fais une aumône de quatre dirhams pour elle."

15. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Ibrahim ibn ‘Uqbah from Muhammad ibn Muyassir from his father who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘One who looks at his own price when he is weighed, he does not succeed.’”

Celui qui regarde le prix de sa marchandise pendant qu'elle est pesée ne réussira pas.

16. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ibn Mahbub from Rifa’ah who has said the following: “I once asked abu al-Hassan, Musa, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the case of a man who shares a slave-girl with another man and says, ‘If we made profit half is for you, if it is a loss then there is nothing on you.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘I do not see anything unlawful in it if the owner of the slave-girl agrees without compulsion.’”

Je ne vois aucun mal à cela tant que l'âme du propriétaire de l'esclave est satisfaite.

17. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Hammad from al-Halabiy who has said the following: “This is concerning my question before abu ‘ Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the case of slave- girls and conditions that say, ‘She must not be sold or transferred in inheritance or given as gift.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It is lawful except inheritance; she is inherited. Any condition against the book of Allah is rejected.’”

J'ai demandé à propos des conditions des esclaves, qu'elles ne soient ni vendues, ni héritées, ni données. Il a dit : "Cela est permis sauf l'héritage, car elles peuvent être héritées. Et toute condition qui contredit le Livre d'Allah est nulle."

18. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid from abu Jamilah who has said the following: “Once I visited abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, and he asked, ‘Young man, what you do for a living?’ I replied, ‘It is slaves.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘I recommend you so keep my recommendations safe. You must not buy physically or morally defective ones. You must make the guarantees strong and firm.’”

Je suis entré chez Abi Abdullah (sur lui la paix) et il m'a dit : Ô jeune homme, que cherches-tu à guérir ? J'ai répondu : Les esclaves. Il m'a dit : Je vais te donner un conseil, garde-le. Ne vends ni un objet ni un défaut et sois prudent dans tes engagements.