96
Chapitre
One Who Sets Free a Slave and He is Indebted
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1. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father and Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan from and Abu Ali al- Ash‘ariy has narrated from Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Jabbar from Safwan and Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj who has narrated the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), once asked me, ‘Is there a difference between ibn abu Layla’ and ibn Shubramah?’ I replied, ‘It has come to my knowledge that a Maxvla of ‘Isa ibn Musa died with a great deal of debts on him. He possessed a number of slaves whom he set free at the time of his death. Had the slaves been sold, such a sale could pay all of his debts. ‘Isa ibn Musa asked them (ibn abu Layla’ and ibn Shubramah) about this case. Ibn Shubramah said, “In my opinion they must be made to work to pay their own price because they were freed at the time of his death.” Ibn abu Layla’ said, “In my opinion I sell them to pay the creditors because he did not have the right to free them at the time of his death with debts on him; the value of slaves could have covered his debts. These are people of al-Hijaz today. A man indebted greatly is not allowed to free his slaves at the time of his death.” Ibn Shubramah then raised his hands to the sky and said, “Allah is free of all defects, O ibn abu Layla’ when did you ever say so? You only say so in my opposition.’” Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), then asked, ‘Whose opinion was taken as the rule?’ He (the narrator) has said that I said, ‘It has come to my knowledge that it was the opinion of ibn abu Layla’. He liked it. He sold them and paid his debts.’ He (the Imam) asked, ‘With which one’s opinion do you side?’ I said, ‘It is with ibn Shubramah and ibn abu Layla’ later changed and accepted that of ibn Shubramah.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘By Allah, truth is with what ibn abu Layla’ said, even though he changed it later.’ I (the narrator) then said, ‘This becomes invalid according to their al-Qiyas (analogy).’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Allow us to examine their analogy. Give us an example.’ I then said, ‘I debate you according to analogy.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘You must present the strongest example of analogy.’ I then said, ‘There is a man who dies and leaves a slave and no other assets. The value of the slave is six hundred dirham and his debt is five hundred dirham. He sets him free at the time of his death. How is the case settled?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘The slave must be sold. The creditors take five hundred and the heirs take the one hundred dirham.’ I said, ‘Is it not the case that one hundred is left extra over the debts?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, that is the case.’ ‘Is it not the case that one-third of it belongs to the deceased with which he can do whatever he wants?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, that is the case.’ I then said, ‘Is it not the case that at least one-third of the remaining one hundred belongs to the slave when he set him free?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘There is no will for the slave. The slave’s assets belong to his guardians (heirs).’ I then said, ‘What happens if the value of the slave is six hundred and the debt is four hundred dirham?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘The slave is sold. The creditors take four hundred and the heirs take the two hundred and there is nothing for the slave.’ I then said, ‘The price of the slave is six hundred and the debt is three hundred.’ He (the Imam) smiled and said, ‘This is where your companions are proved incorrect. They have made all things as one thing without the knowledge of the Sunnah. When the debt and legacy are equal or the legacy is more than debts, the testator is not accused about his will and it is accepted as it is. Now it stops. One-half is for creditors, one-third for heirs and one-sixth is for him (the deceased).”’
Ali ibn Ibrahim, de son père, de Muhammad ibn Isma'il, de Al-Fadl ibn Shathan, d'Abu Ali Al-Ash'ari, de Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar, de Safwan, d'Ibn Abi Umair, d'Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj, a dit: Abu Abdullah (sur lui la paix) m'a demandé si Ibn Abi Layla et Ibn Shubruma différaient. J'ai dit: Il m'a été rapporté qu'il est décédé un esclave d'Isa ibn Musa, laissant derrière lui une dette importante, et il a laissé des esclaves dont la valeur couvre leur dette. Il les a affranchis à sa mort. Isa ibn Musa les a interrogés à ce sujet. Ibn Shubruma a dit: Je pense qu'il devrait les évaluer et les vendre aux enchères pour payer les créanciers, car il les a affranchis à sa mort. Ibn Abi Layla a dit: Je pense les vendre et donner l'argent aux créanciers, car il ne peut pas les affranchir à sa mort, ayant une dette qui les entoure. C'est ce que font les gens du Hidjaz aujourd'hui: un homme affranchit son esclave tout en ayant une dette importante, ils ne permettent pas l'affranchissement s'il a une dette importante. Ibn Shubruma a alors levé les mains vers le ciel et a dit: Gloire à Allah! Ô Ibn Abi Layla, quand as-tu dit cela? Par Allah, tu ne l'as dit que pour contredire mon avis. Abu Abdullah (sur lui la paix) a demandé: Selon lequel des deux penches-tu? J'ai dit: Il m'a été rapporté qu'il a suivi l'avis d'Ibn Abi Layla, car il avait une inclination pour cela. Il les a vendus et a réglé sa dette. Il a demandé: Avec lequel des deux êtes-vous d'accord? J'ai dit: Avec Ibn Shubruma, car Ibn Abi Layla est revenu sur l'avis d'Ibn Shubruma par la suite. Il a dit: Cela se brise pour eux dans le raisonnement. Il a dit: Apporte-moi un caïs. J'ai dit: Je te caïserai. Il a dit: Tu diras la chose la plus stricte qui puisse être utilisée dans le raisonnement. J'ai dit: Un homme a laissé un esclave sans laisser d'autres biens, la valeur de l'esclave étant de six cents dirhams et sa dette de cinq cents dirhams. Il l'a affranchi à sa mort. Que doit-il faire? Il a dit: L'esclave est vendu, les créanciers prennent cinq cents dirhams et les héritiers prennent cent dirhams. J'ai dit: Ne reste-t-il pas cent dirhams de la valeur de l'esclave pour sa dette? Il a dit: Oui. J'ai dit: L'homme ne peut-il pas disposer d'un tiers pour en faire ce qu'il veut? Il a dit: Si. J'ai dit: L'homme n'a-t-il pas recommandé un tiers de la centaine à l'esclave lorsqu'il l'a affranchi? Il a dit: L'esclave n'a pas de recommandation, son bien revient à ses maîtres. J'ai dit: Si la valeur de l'esclave est de six cents dirhams et sa dette de quatre cents dirhams? Il a dit: L'esclave est vendu, les créanciers prennent quatre cents dirhams et les héritiers prennent deux cents. L'homme n'a plus rien. J'ai dit: Si la valeur de l'esclave est de six cents dirhams et sa dette de trois cents dirhams? Il a ri et a dit: C'est d'ici que viennent vos compagnons, ils ont fait une seule chose et ne connaissent pas la Sunna. Lorsque les biens des créanciers et des héritiers sont égaux, ou si les biens des héritiers sont supérieurs à ceux des créanciers, l'homme n'est pas blâmé pour son testament, et son testament est accepté tel quel. Maintenant, cela est suspendu, la moitié va aux
2. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father [from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr] from Jamil ibn Darraj from Zurarah who has narrated the following: “About the case of a man who frees his slave at the time of his death with debt on him, one of the two Imam, (abu Ja‘far or abu ‘Abd Allah), ‘Alayhim al-Salam, has said, ‘If the value of the debt and slave are equal, freeing is permissible, otherwise, it is not permissible.”’
Isnād`Alī ibn Ibrāhīm rapporte de son père, de Ibn Abī 'Umayr, de Jamīl ibn Darrāj, de Zurārah, de l'un des deux (que la paix soit sur eux)
qu'ils ont dit : "Concernant un homme qui affranchit son esclave à son décès alors qu'il a une dette, s'il vaut autant que la dette ou plus, son affranchissement est valide, sinon il n'est pas valide."
3. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from ibn Faddal from al-Husayn Aban al-Jahm who has narrated the following: “This is about the case of a man who frees his slave at the time of his death in front of witnesses. The price of the slave is six hundred dirham, his debt is three hundred dirham and he has no other legacy. I once heard abu al-Hassan (a.s.), say, ‘One-sixth of him is free because he owns from him three hundred and the other three hundred is for the debt. Thus out of three hundred one-third is his which is one-sixth of the total.’”
IsnādMuhammad ibn Yahya, d'Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, d'Ibn Faddal, d'Al-Hasan ibn Al-Jahm, a dit : J'ai entendu Aba Al-Hasan (que la paix soit sur lui) dire...
...concernant un homme qui affranchit un esclave qui était sur le point de mourir, et qui en témoigna, dont la valeur était de six cents dirhams, et qui avait une dette de trois cents dirhams, sans laisser autre chose que cela. Il a dit : "Il affranchira un tiers de lui, car il n'a de lui que trois cents dirhams, et il en paiera trois cents dirhams, donc il aura un tiers de ces trois cents, ce qui équivaut au sixième de l'ensemble."