Un Testament pour la Libération des Esclaves, la Charité ou le Hajj

3. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ’Isma‘il ibn Hammam who has narrated the following: “This about the case of a man who makes a will when about to die, for relatives and setting free of a slave but the total exceeds one-third of the legacy and about how to deal with it. Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘First it is executed about setting free of the slave then about the rest.’”

Au sujet d'un homme qui a recommandé, à sa mort, de l'argent à ses proches et a affranchi un esclave pour lui, et tout ce qu'il a recommandé dépasse le tiers, comment doit-il agir dans ses recommandations ? Il a dit : "Il doit commencer par affranchir et exécuter cela."

4. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn from Hakam from al-‘Ala’ ibn Razin from Muhammad ibn Muslim who has narrated the following: “About the case of a man who when about to die sets free his slave and makes a will but the total is more than one-third of his legacy, abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘It is executed about the setting free of the slave and the deficit falls on the rest of the will.’”

J'ai demandé à propos d'un homme qui était sur le point de mourir, il affranchit son esclave et fit un testament, mais cela dépassait le tiers. Il a dit: "Libère le garçon et que le déficit soit sur ce qui reste."

5. Abu Ali al-Ash‘ariy has narrated from Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Jabbar from Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il from Ali al-Nu’man from Suwayd al-Qala’ from abu Ayyub ibn al-Jumhur from abu Bakr al-Hadramiy who has narrated the following: “I once said to abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), ‘’Alqamah ibn Muhammad has made a will that I must set free a slave for him, and I set free for him a woman: if this is sufficient or must I set free for him from my own property.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It is sufficient.’ He (the Imam) then said to me, ‘Fatimah, mother of my son, made a will that I set free for her a slave and I set free for her a woman.’”

J'ai dit à lui: "Alqamah ibn Muhammad m'a recommandé de libérer un esclave pour lui. J'ai donc affranchi une femme pour lui. Est-ce suffisant pour lui ou dois-je affranchir un esclave avec mon argent?" Il a répondu: "Cela suffit pour lui." Puis il m'a dit: "Fatimah, la mère de mon fils, m'a recommandé de libérer un esclave pour elle. J'ai donc affranchi une femme pour elle."

6. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from Hammad ibn ‘Uthaman from al-Halabiy who has narrated the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘A man once asked me about a woman who died without performing al-Hajj but made a will about an amount which is sufficient for al-Hajj. He asked if it is better to spend it on the needy people from the descendents of Fatimah, ‘Alayha al-Salam, it will be done so; if performing al-Hajj is better al-Hajj would be performed for her. I said to him that if al-Hajj was obligatory on her, spending it for al-Hajj is more beloved to me than distributing on other things.’”

Un homme m'a demandé au sujet d'une femme décédée sans avoir accompli le pèlerinage, mais ayant fait un testament pour que le coût du pèlerinage soit pris sur sa part destinée aux pauvres des descendants de Fatima. On m'a interrogé à ce sujet, et s'il était plus approprié que cela soit donné aux pauvres des descendants de Fatima, alors cela leur serait donné. Mais si le pèlerinage était plus approprié à accomplir pour elle, alors j'ai dit : "Si elle avait une obligation de pèlerinage, il est plus aimable pour moi qu'on dépense ce qu'elle a recommandé pour le pèlerinage plutôt que de le répartir autrement."

7. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father and Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan from all Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from Mu‘awiyah ibn ‘Ammar who has narrated the following: “This is about the case of a man who dies but makes a will to perform al-Hajj for him. He (the Imam) (a.s.), has said, ‘If it is his first al-Hajj then al-Hajj is performed from the center of the legacy, but if it is not his first al-Hajj then it is paid for from the one-third of his legacy.’”

"S'il s'agit d'une obligation, le pèlerinage doit être effectué avec un tiers de la fortune, sinon, avec un tiers de celle-ci."

8. It is narrated from the narrator of the previous Hadith from Mu‘awiyah ibn ‘Ammar who has narrated the following: “About the case of a woman who makes a will to set free a slave, pay charity and al-Hajj but there is not enough, he (the Imam) (a.s.), said that first is al-Hajj because it is obligatory and if anything remains extra then spend something on charity and something for setting free a slave.’”

Commence par le pèlerinage, car il est obligatoire. S'il reste quelque chose, consacre-le à l'aumône et à l'affranchissement d'esclaves.

9. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from Ali ibn abu Hamzah who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu al-Hassan (a.s.), about the case of a man who has made a will about thirty dinars to set free a man from our people but it cannot be done with that much. (The Imam) said, ‘A slave then must be bought from other people for this purpose.’”

J'ai interrogé Aba al-Hasan (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet d'un homme qui a légué trente dinars pour affranchir un homme parmi nos compagnons, mais qu'on ne trouve pas cet homme. Il a dit : "Il doit être vendu aux gens et l'homme affranchi avec cet argent."

10. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from al-Qasim ibn Muhammad from Ali ibn abu Hamzah who has narrated the following: “I once asked the virtuous servant of Allah (a.s.), about the case of a man who has made a will about thirty dinar to set free a Muslim slave but it cannot be done with that amount. He (the Imam) said, ‘They must then buy from the rest of the people as long as he is not hostile to ‘A’immah (a.s.).’”

J'ai interrogé un homme vertueux (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet d'un homme décédé ayant recommandé la libération d'une esclave musulmane pour trente dinars, et il n'a pas été trouvé pour lui ce montant. Il a dit: Je ne pense pas qu'ils doivent augmenter le montant qu'il a spécifié. J'ai dit: Mais s'ils ne le trouvent pas? Il a dit: Qu'ils achètent avec l'argent des gens quelque chose qui n'est pas sujet à la zakat.

11. Al-Husayn ibn Muhammad has narrated from Mu‘alla’ ibn Muhammad from al-Hassan ibn Ali al-Washsha’ from Aban from Muhammad ibn Marwan who has narrated the following: “The Shaykh (a.s.), has said that abu Ja‘far (a.s.), died and left sixty slaves of whom he set free one-third and I determined such slaves by raffle and took the one-third away.’”

Que Abou Ja'far (que la paix soit sur lui) est décédé en laissant soixante esclaves, il affranchit un tiers d'entre eux, puis je tirai au sort entre eux et sortis le tiers restant.

12. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from al-Qasim ibn Muhammad and Ali ibn abu Hamzah from abu Basir who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu Ja’far (a.s.), about a slave-girl who was set free by my brother who served with slave-girls and was in his dependents. He made a will to spend for her from the center of the legacy. He (the Imam) said, ‘If she was with the slave-girls and managed them, then you must spend for her and execute the will.’”

J'ai demandé à Abi Ja'far (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet d'une esclave affranchie par mon frère, qui avait l'habitude de servir avec les esclaves et qui était parmi ses biens. Il m'a recommandé de dépenser pour elle de manière équitable, et il a dit: Si elle était avec les esclaves et a vécu avec eux, alors dépense pour elle et suis son testament.

13. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad all from ibn Mahbub from abu Ayyub from Sama‘ah who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu ‘ Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a man who made a will to set free a slave for five hundred dirham from the one-third of his legacy. A slave was bought for less than five hundred dirham and something remained extra. What do you say about it? He (the Imam) said, ‘Give the extra to the slave before setting him free, then set him free for the deceased.’”

[Traduction du contenu principal du hadith]

14. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from Mu‘awiyah ibn ‘Ammar who has narrated the following: “A woman of our family made a will about one-third of her legacy and asked to set free a slave, perform al-Hajj and give charity; but the one-third was not sufficient. I asked abu Hanifah about it and he said, ’Make it in three equal parts and spend one part for each cause/ I then visited abu ‘ Abd Allah (a.s.), and said that a woman from our family has died and made a will about one-third of her legacy and has asked to set free a slave, perform al-Hajj and pay charity. I checked it but it is not sufficient. He (the Imam) said, ’You must begin with al-Hajj because it is obligatory of the obligation to Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, and make the remaining into two parts: one for setting free a slave and one for charity.’ I then informed abu Hanifah about the words of abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.). He changed his fatwa and accepted the words of abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.).”

Le contenu principal du hadith concerne les recommandations d'une femme sur la répartition de sa fortune pour l'aumône, la libération d'esclaves et le pèlerinage, et comment les savants ont conseillé sur la meilleure manière de réaliser ces recommandations après son décès.

15. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad all from ibn Mahbub from abu Jamilah from Humran who has narrated the following: “About the case of a man who at the time of his death makes a will to set free a slave so and so and so and so. I looked into the one-third of his legacy and found that it is not even equal to one-eighth of the five slaves whom he had mentioned, he (the Imam) (a.s.), said, ‘You must evaluate the slaves and begin setting free one, two, three, four and five. The slave (or slaves) whom he mentioned last cannot be freed if the one-third is not sufficient for his (or their) cost.’”

...concernant un homme qui a recommandé à sa mort de libérer tel et tel et tel et tel et tel, j'ai regardé dans un tiers de sa fortune et il n'a pas atteint la valeur de cinq esclaves qu'il a ordonné de libérer. Il a dit : On regarde ceux qu'il a nommés et on commence par les libérer, puis on regarde le tiers restant et on libère d'abord une partie, puis la deuxième, puis la troisième, puis la quatrième, puis la cinquième. Si le tiers est insuffisant, il est dans celui qu'il a nommé en dernier, car il a libéré après avoir atteint les deux tiers ce qu'il ne possédait pas, et cela ne lui est pas permis.

16. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ibn Faddal from Dawud ibn abu Yazid who has narrated the following: “Once abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), was asked about the case of a man who on a journey was with a slave-girl and two slaves. He said to them, ‘You are free for the sake of Allah and bear witness that the child in the womb of the slave-girl is from me. She gave birth to a son. When they came back, the heir refused the will and kept them as slaves. The two slaves were later set free and they testified that their previous master had asked them to bear witness that the child in the womb of the slave-girl was his child. He (the Imam) said, ‘Their testimony is acceptable and the child about whom they testified cannot make them slaves because they proved his genealogical relation.’”

Leur témoignage est valable pour le garçon, et le garçon pour qui ils ont témoigné ne peut les soumettre à l'interrogatoire, car ils ont établi sa filiation.

17. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ibn abu Nasr from Ahmad ibn Ziyad who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu al-Hassan (a.s.), about the case of a man who is about to die and sets free all of his slaves. He owns certain slaves and certain others with a partner and about the condition of the ones that he owns with a partner. He (the Imam) said, ‘His slaves of the partnership must be evaluated; if his share covers them, they are all free.’”

J'ai demandé à l'Imam Abu al-Hasan (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet d'un homme sur le point de mourir, possédant des esclaves pour son usage personnel ainsi que des esclaves en partenariat avec un autre homme, et qui souhaite léguer dans son testament que ses esclaves personnels soient libres, quelle est la situation de ses esclaves en partenariat. Il a répondu : "Ils sont soumis à lui tant que son argent le permet, puis ils seront libres".

18. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn from al-Nadr ibn Shu’ayb al-Mharibiy who has narrated the following: “This is about the case of a man who dies and leaves as his legacy a slave-girl whose one-third he sets free and the executor of the will marries her before the distribution of the legacy. Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘She is appraised, then with her husband both are made to work to pay for the remaining of her cost after being appraised. Thereafter, whatever of her becomes free or remains in slavery applies to her child also.’”

concernant un homme qui est décédé en laissant une esclave, et qui a affranchi un tiers d'elle, puis le tuteur l'a mariée avant que quoi que ce soit de l'héritage ne soit divisé, il est stipulé qu'elle soit entretenue et que son mari et elle soient nourris avec le reste de son prix après qu'il ait été évalué. Tout ce qui arrive à la femme en termes d'affranchissement ou de rançon est à la charge de ses enfants.