Tutelle de Sa’ibah (Esclave affranchi sans condition)

2. Ibn Mahbub has narrated from ibn Ri’ab from ‘Ammar ibn abu al-Ahwas who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu Ja‘far (a.s.), about Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave). He (the Imam) said, ‘You must consider what is in the Quran, “setting free a slave” O ‘Ammar, he is Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave) over whom there is no guardianship of anyone except Allah. Guardianship over whoever rests with Allah, such guardianship rests with His Messenger; and guardianship over whoever rests with the Messenger of Allah, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, such guardianship rests with the Imam. His liabilities due to his crimes are on the Imam and his legacy is for the Imam.’”

Ce hadith met en lumière l'importance de l'allégeance envers Allah et Son Messager, ainsi que l'Imam, et souligne la responsabilité de l'Imam envers ses fidèles.

3. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father and Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan from all from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from Hisham ibn Salim who has narrated the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘When a man is under the guardianship of a man for him is his legacy and on him is the liability for wergild.’”

Lorsqu'un homme nomme un autre comme son héritier, il lui revient son héritage et il doit payer ses dettes.

4. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from Hammad ibn ‘Isa from Shu’ayb al-‘Aqarqufiy from abu Basir who has narrated the following: “Once abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), was asked about the slave who is freed as Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave). He (the Imam) said, ‘He is free to find a guardian of his choosing and on whoever he chooses as his guardian are his liabilities for his crimes and for him is his legacy.’ We then asked, ‘What happens if he remains quiet until he dies and does not take anyone as his guardian?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘His legacy is placed in the treasury of the Muslims.’”

Un esclave affranchi peut désigner un héritier qui recevra son legs et son héritage. En l'absence de désignation, ses biens reviendront au Trésor des Musulmans.

5. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad and Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father all from ibn Mahbub from ‘ Abd Allah ibn Sinan who has narrated the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘If one frees a slave by manner of Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave) he is not liable for his crimes and there is nothing for him from his legacy and he must arrange witnesses for it.’”

Celui qui affranchit un esclave en fuite, il n'a rien à payer de sa part, et il n'a aucune part de son héritage, et il doit en témoigner.

6. Ibn Mahbub has narrated from Khalid ibn Jarir from abu al-Rabi’ who has narrated the following: “Once abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), was asked about Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave). He (the Imam) said, ‘He is a man who frees his slave, then says to him, “Go wherever you like. There is nothing for me from your legacy and I am not liable of anything because of your crimes.” He arranges witness to bear testimony thereof.’”

C'est l'homme qui affranchit son esclave, puis lui dit: "Va où tu veux, je n'ai aucun droit sur ton héritage, ni aucune réclamation sur toi", et il fait témoigner deux témoins de cela.

7. Ibn Mahbub has narrated from abu Ayyub from Burayd ibn Mu’awiyah al- ‘ Ij liy who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu Ja’far (a.s.), about the case of a man who owed the freeing of a slave but he died before freeing a slave. His son then went to buy a man from his earnings and set him free on behalf of his father; the freed man earned an asset and then died; and about to whom belongs his legacy? He (the Imam) said, ‘If his father owed it because of Zihar, thanksgiving or it was obligatory on him then the freed is Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave) and no one has anything on him. If he found a guardian for himself from the Muslims before his death, who took upon himself his liabilities for his crimes, he is his guardian and heir; if no relatives of the freed man exists. If he did not find anyone of the Muslims as his guardian until he died, then his legacy is for the Imam of the Muslims if his relatives who can inherit him do not exist.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘If his father owed the freeing of a slave for optional reasons and his father had commanded him to free for him a soul, then the guardianship of freed man belongs to all heirs of the deceased of the male ones.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘The one who buys and frees him because of the command of his father is like one of the heirs; if the freed does not have any relative among the Muslims who are free to inherit him.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘If his son buys the slave and frees for his father from his asset after his father, optionally on his behalf without any command from his father, then guardianship and legacy belongs to the one who bought the slave from his asset to be freed who freed him for his father. This applies only when the freed one has not left behind any relatives.’”

Il a répondu: "Si l'obligation d'affranchir l'esclave était due à une faute, une promesse ou une obligation envers son père, alors l'affranchi est libre de disposer de ses biens comme il l'entend, et personne ne peut lui réclamer quoi que ce soit. Cependant, s'il a transmis ses biens à un musulman avant de mourir, il a ainsi acquitté sa dette et a légué ses biens à celui qui l'a affranchi. S'il n'a pas de proche parent pour hériter de lui, ses biens reviennent à l'Imam des musulmans. Si aucun musulman n'a été désigné avant sa mort, son héritage revient à l'Imam des musulmans s'il n'a pas de proche parent pour hériter de lui. Si l'obligation d'affranchir l'esclave était volontaire et que son père lui avait ordonné de le faire, alors l'affranchi est considéré comme un héritage pour tous les enfants mâles du défunt. Celui qui l'a acheté et affranchi sur ordre de son père est considéré comme un des héritiers, s'il n'a pas de parent musulman pour hériter de lui, des hommes libres hériteront de lui. Si son fils a acheté l'esclave et l'a affranchi après la mort de son père de son propre argent, de son plein gré et sans que son père ne lui ait donné cet ordre, alors celui qui l'a acheté avec son propre argent et l'a affranchi hérite de lui, si l'affranchi n'a pas de parent pour hériter de lui."

8. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from [his father] from Muhammad ibn ‘Isa ibn ‘Ubayd from Yunus from Hisham ibn Salim from Sulayman ibn Khalid who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the slave who is freed in the manner of Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave). He (the Imam) said, ‘He is free to choose a guardian whoever he likes to bail out his liabilities due to crime and then inherit his legacy. ’I then asked, ‘What happens if he remains quiet until he dies?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘His legacy is placed in the treasury of the Muslims.’”

J'ai demandé à propos d'un esclave affranchi qui a commis un vol. Il a répondu : "Celui qu'il a volé prend possession de lui, et il hérite de lui. J'ai dit : "Et s'il ne dit rien jusqu'à sa mort ?" Il a dit : "Son bien sera mis dans le Trésor des Musulmans."

9. Muhammad ibn Yahya and others have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid from Hisham ibn Salim from abu Basir who has narrated the following: “Abu Ja‘far (a.s.), has said that Amir al-Mu’minin once issued a judgment. It was in the case of a slave whose master had caused him serious physical damage, that he (the slave) is free in the manner of Sa’ibah (unconditionally freed slave) so that he can choose whomever he likes as his guardian to bail out his liabilities for his crimes and then inherit his legacy.”’

L'Imam Ali (que la paix soit sur lui) a décrété que celui qui affranchit un esclave de sa propriété est libre sans aucun moyen de le réclamer, sauf s'il retourne vers une personne qu'il aime, et une fois qu'il a inclus son nom dans son testament, il devient son héritier.