Héritage des Frères et Sœurs avec Enfants

2. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from ‘Umar ibn ’Udhaynah from ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhriz who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a man who dies and leaves behind his daughter and his sister from his father and mother. He (the Imam) said, ‘The entire legacy belongs to the daughter and there is nothing for the sister from his father and mother.’ I then said, ‘We need it. The deceased is from those people and his sister is a believing person, well-aware.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Take one-half from them as they take from you according to their Sunnah and judgments.’ Ibn ’Udhaynah has said, ‘I mentioned it to Zurarah and he said, “What ibn Muhriz has brought is certainly light.’”

3. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from ‘Umar ibn ’Udhaynah from Zurarah who has narrated the following: “Zurarah has said that al-‘Ammah (non-Shi‘ah) in their rules, decisions and ordained shares say something on consensus which is authoritative and binding upon them. In the case of a deceased who leaves behind his daughter or two daughters and his brother from his father and mother or his sister from his father and mother or his sister from father or his brother from his father, they give one-half to the daughter, two-thirds to the two daughters and the rest of legacy to his brother from his father and mother or his sister from his father or his sister from his father and mother, and not to the relatives from sons of his uncle or children of his brother. They do not give anything to the brothers from the mother. He (the narrator) has said that I said to them this is binding upon you. Allah has mentioned for brothers from the mother that Kalalah (burdensome people) inherit. Why do you not give them with a daughter anything when you give the sister from father, mother, and sister from father the rest of legacy instead of uncle and relatives? Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has mentioned them as Kalalah just as He has called brothers from mother as Kalalah. Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has said, ‘They ask your fatwa. Say Allah gives you a fatwa about Kalalah.’ Why you have separated them from each other? They say that it is because of Sunnah and consensus of the group. We ask, ‘Is it the Sunnah of Allah and the Sunnah of His messenger or the Sunnah of Satan and his friends?’ They say, ‘It is the Sunnah of so and so.’ We say, ‘You have followed us in two issues and opposed us in two issues. We say, ‘If a deceased leaves behind one of the four then Kalalah of the deceased does not inherit. If he leaves a father or a son, you say, ‘You are right.’ We say, ‘If he leaves behind mother or a daughter.’ You deny it. You have followed us about the daughter. You do not give to brothers from mother anything and you have opposed us about mother. Why do you give one-third to brothers from the mother with the mother when she is living and they inherit because of her right and relation? Brothers and sisters from the father and mother and brothers and sisters from the mother do not inherit with the father (existing); they inherit because of the father, so also brothers and sisters from the mother do not inherit with the mother (esisting). More strange is that you say, ‘Brothers from the mother do not inherit one-third, they bar the mother from one-third and she only receives one-sixth.’ It is due to ignorance and it is untrue. Consensus is falsely made about it. I then said to Zurarah, ‘Do you say it from your own opinion?’ He said, ‘If I say this from my opinion I will be a sinful person. I testify that it is the truth from Allah and the Messenger of Allah, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to your cause.’”

Zurara a rapporté : Les gens et le grand public dans leurs jugements et leurs obligations disent une parole sur laquelle ils se sont tous mis d'accord, et c'est une preuve contre eux. Ils disent concernant un homme décédé qui a laissé sa fille ou ses filles et a laissé son frère à son père et sa mère, ou sa sœur à son père et sa mère, ou sa sœur à son père, ou son frère à son père, qu'ils donnent à la fille la moitié ou aux filles les deux tiers, et ils donnent le reste de l'argent au frère de son père et de sa mère, ou à sa sœur de son père et de sa mère, ou à sa sœur de son père, ou à son frère de son père. Ils ne donnent rien aux frères du côté maternel. J'ai dit : Alors ceci est une preuve contre vous, car Allah a nommé pour les frères du côté maternel un héritage appelé kalala, mais vous ne leur avez rien donné avec la fille, et vous avez donné la sœur au père et à la mère, et la sœur au père le reste de l'argent sans les parents maternels. Et Allah a nommé cela un kalala, tout comme Il a nommé pour les frères du côté maternel un kalala pour la mère. Il a dit : "Dieu dit, lorsque vous demandez conseil, dites : Dieu vous donne des directives concernant le kalala. Pourquoi les avez-vous séparés ? Ils ont dit : La tradition et le consensus de la communauté. Nous avons dit : La tradition d'Allah et de Son messager, ou la tradition du diable et de ses partisans. Ils ont dit : La tradition de tel et tel. Nous avons dit : Vous nous avez suivis dans deux aspects et vous nous avez contredits dans deux aspects. Nous avons dit : Si l'un des quatre est laissé, le défunt n'hérite pas du kalala s'il laisse un père ou un fils. Vous avez dit la vérité. Nous avons dit : Ou une mère ou une fille, et vous avez refusé sur nous. Puis vous nous avez suivis dans la fille, et vous n'avez pas donné aux frères de la mère quoi que ce soit avec elle, et vous nous avez contredits dans la mère. Comment pouvez-vous donner aux frères de la mère un tiers avec la mère alors qu'elle est en vie, alors qu'ils n'héritent que de son droit et de sa parenté, et de même que les frères et sœurs du père n'héritent rien avec le père car ils héritent du droit du père, de même les frères et sœurs de la mère n'héritent rien avec elle. Et ce qui est plus étonnant, c'est que vous dites que les frères de la mère n'héritent pas du tiers et vous cachez le tiers de la mère, donc elle n'a que le sixième, c'est un mensonge, une ignorance et une absurdité sur laquelle vous vous êtes tous mis d'accord. J'ai dit à Zurara : Tu dis cela de ton propre chef ? Il a dit : Je dis cela de mon propre chef. Si c'est le cas, je suis un transgresseur.

4. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr and Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Yunus all from ‘Umar ibn ’Udhaynah from Bukayr ibn ‘A’yan who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a woman who has left behind her husband, brothers from her mother and brothers and sisters from her father. He (the Imam) said, ‘The share of husband is one-half, three shares, the share of brothers from her mother is one-third, male and female receive equal shares. The one remaining share belongs to brothers and sisters from the father. Each male receives twice as much as a female; ordained shares do not face deficiency. The share of husband does not reduce from one-half and the share of brothers from her mother, which is one-third, does not reduce. Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has said, ‘. . . if they are more than this they share the one-third, if there is one he receives one-sixth.’ (4:12) What Allah, most Blessed, most High, has meant by His words, ‘. . . if it is a man inherited by Kalalah (burdensome people) or a woman and has a brother or sister then everyone gets one-sixth and if they are more than this they share the one- third.’ By this Allah has meant brothers and sisters from mother only. Allah in the end of chapter four has said, ‘. . . they ask for a fatwa from you about Kalalah. If a man dies and has no children but has a sister [meaning sister from both parents and sister from the father] she receives one-half of the legacy and he inherits her, if she does not leave children. If they are brothers and sisters, the share of the male is twice as much as the share of female.’ They are the ones whose shares increase and decrease. So also are their children whose shares increase and decrease. If a woman dies and leaves behind her husband and brothers from her mother and two sisters from her father, the share of husband is one- half, three shares, brothers from the mother receive two shares and one remaining share is for the two sisters from her father. If she is one, it is for her like two sisters from her father; if they were brothers from the father, no increase would take place in the remaining. If she was one or in the place of one female, there was a brother no increase would take place in the remaining. There is no increase for sisters or for a child if he was a male.’”

5. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr and Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Yunus from ‘Umar ibn ’Udhaynah from Bukayr who has narrated the following: “Once a man came to abu Ja‘far, Alayhi al-Salam, and asked about a woman who has died and left behind her husband, brothers from her mother and her sister from her father. He (the Imam) said, ‘The share of the husband is one-half, three shares, brothers from her mother receive one-third, two shares and the sister from her father receives one-sixth which is one share.’ The man said to him (the Imam), ‘The laws of ordained shares of Zayd, the laws of ordained shares of ‘Ammah and judges are different, O abu Ja‘far. They say that the share of the sister from the father is three shares that are reduced from six to eight.’ Abu Ja’far (a.s.), asked, ‘Why do they say so?’ He replied, ‘It is because of the words of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, ‘. . . and for him is a sister then her share is one- half of the legacy.’ Abu Ja‘far, then asked, ‘What is the rule if he was one brother instead of one sister?’ He replied, ‘He would have only one-sixth.’ Abu Ja‘far (a.s.), said to him, ‘Why do you reduce the share of the brother if you argue to provide one-half for the sister, because Allah has mentioned one-half for her you must also take notice that Allah has mentioned Kalalah (burdensome people) of brothers more than one-half. Allah has said, ‘. . . her share is one-half.’ He has also said for the brother who inherits her, that is, all of her legacy if she does not have any children. So you do not give anything to the one for whom Allah has given all the legacy in certain laws of your ordained shares but you give complete to one whom Allah has given one-half.’ The man said, ‘I pray to Allah to keep you well, how do we give one-half to the sister and we do not give the male heir if she was a male?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘About a mother, husband, a brother from the mother and a sister from her father they give one-half to the husband. They give one-sixth to the mother, to the brothers from her mother one-third and to the sister from her father One-half of three. You can make nine and it is from six but is raised to nine. He (the Imam) said this is how you say it.’ He (man) said, ‘If she was a male and a brother from her father.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘There is nothing for him.’ The man then asked abu Ja‘far (a.s.), saying ‘I pray to Allah to keep my soul in service for your cause, what do you say?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘There is nothing for brothers from her father and mother, brothers from her mother or brothers from her father with the existence of the mother.’ ‘Umar ibn ’Udhaynah has said, ‘I heard Muhammad ibn Muslim narrate a similar Hadith like that of Bukayr with the same meaning, but I did not memorize its wordings in details, but I memorized its meaning. He has said, ‘I mentioned it to Zurarah who said, “It is true by Allah. They both have spoken the truth.’””

6. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad all from ibn Mahbub from al-‘Ala’ ibn Razin and abu Ayyub and ‘Abd Allah ibn Bukayr from Muhammad ibn Muslim who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu Ja‘far (a.s.), about the case of a woman who has left behind her husband, brothers from her mother and brothers and sisters from her father. He (the Imam) said, ‘The share of the husband is one-half, three shares, the share of brothers from her mother is one-third which is two shares; male and female receive equal shares. The one remaining share belongs to brothers and sisters from the father. Each male receives twice as much as a female; ordained shares do not face deficiency. The share of the husband does not reduce from one-half and the share of brothers from her mother, which is one-third, does not reduce. Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has said, ‘. . . if they are more than this they share the one-third, if there is one he receives one-sixth.’ (4:12) What Allah, most Blessed, most High, has meant by His words, ‘. . . if it is a man inherited by Kalalah or a woman, and has a brother or sister then for everyone is one-sixth.’ By this Allah has meant brothers and sisters from the mother only. Allah in the end of chapter four has said, ‘. . . they ask for a fatwa from you about Kalalah. If a man dies and has no children but has a sister [meaning sister from mother and father] she receives one-half of the legacy and he inherits her if she does not leave children. If they are brothers, male and female the share of the male is twice as much as the share of the female.’ They are the ones whose shares increase and decrease. So also are their children whose shares increase and decrease. If a woman dies and leaves behind her husband and two sisters from her and two sisters from her father, the share of the husband is one-half, which is three shares, sisters from her mother one- third or two shares and for the sisters from her father one-sixth, one share. If she is one it is for her; two sisters from her father do not receive any increase from the remaining and if he was a brother from father he would not receive any increase from the remaining.”’

Il a dit : "Je lui ai demandé : Que dis-tu au sujet d'une femme qui décède en laissant son mari, ses frères pour sa mère, des frères et sœurs pour son père ? Il a répondu : Pour le mari, la moitié de trois parts, pour les frères de la mère, un tiers, deux parts pour le mâle et la femelle sont égales, et le reste est pour les frères et sœurs du père, pour le mâle comme la part des deux femelles, car les parts ne peuvent être divisées. Le mari ne diminue pas de sa moitié, ni les frères de la mère de leur tiers, car Allah, le Très Haut, dit : 'S'ils sont plus nombreux que cela, ils sont partenaires dans le tiers, et s'ils sont un seul, alors il a le sixième'. Allah vise par là le fait qu'un homme hérite d'une parente par le sang ou par le mariage et qu'il ait un frère ou une sœur, chacun d'eux a le sixième. Cela concerne spécifiquement les frères et sœurs de la mère. Et à la fin de la sourate An-Nisa', Il dit : 'Ils te consultent. Dis : Allah vous donne Son jugement au sujet des kalala. Si un homme meurt sans enfant mais a une sœur, cela signifie une sœur du père et de la mère, ou une sœur du père, elle reçoit la moitié de ce qu'il laisse et il l'hérite s'il n'a pas d'enfant. S'il y en a deux, elles reçoivent les deux tiers de ce qu'il laisse. S'ils sont des frères, hommes et femmes, le mâle a la part des deux femelles, ceux qui augmentent et diminuent'. Il a dit : 'Même si une femme laisse son mari, ses deux sœurs de la part de sa mère et ses deux sœurs de la part de son père, pour le mari, la moitié de trois parts, pour les sœurs de la mère, un tiers, deux parts pour les sœurs du père, un sixième, et s'il n'y en a qu'une, elle reçoit tout, car les deux sœurs du père ne reçoivent pas plus que ce qui reste, et s'il y a un frère du père, il ne reçoit pas plus que ce qui reste."

7. Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr from Jamil ibn Darraj from Bukayr who has narrated the following: “A man once asked abu Ja‘far (a.s.), about two sisters and a husband. He (the Imam) said, ‘It is half and half.’ The man then said, ‘I pray to Allah to keep you well, Allah has mentioned their share to be more than that. Their share is two-thirds.’ He then asked, ‘What do you say about a brother and husband?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It is half and half.’ He asked, ‘Has Allah not given the entire legacy, saying, “. . . and he inherits her if she has no children.”?”’

Un homme demanda à Abi Ja'far (que la paix soit sur lui) au sujet de deux sœurs et d'un mari. Il répondit : "La moitié et la moitié". L'homme dit : "Que Dieu vous réforme, Dieu leur a accordé plus que cela, pour elles deux c'est les deux tiers". Abi Ja'far (que la paix soit sur lui) demanda : "Et que dites-vous d'un frère et d'un mari ?" L'homme répondit : "La moitié et la moitié". Abi Ja'far (que la paix soit sur lui) dit : "N'est-ce pas que Dieu a mentionné les biens ?" L'homme dit : "Et il les hérite s'il n'y a pas d'enfant."

8. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from Fadalah ibn Ayyub from Musa ibn Bakr from Ali ibn Sa‘id who has narrated the following: “Zurarah once asked me, ‘What do you say about a man who leaves behind his parents and brothers from his mother?’ I replied, ‘The share of mother is one-sixth and the rest belongs to the father. ‘If there are brothers the share of the mother is one-sixth.’ He said, ‘These brothers are from the father. Brothers from father and mother receive the largest amount. Brothers from mother receive one-third and she receives one-sixth. It is one-sixth because brothers from father and brothers from father and mother bar her. The father spends on them so his share is expanded and the share of the mother is reduced for that reason. Brothers from the mother are not in it. They do not bar their mother from receiving one-third.’ I then asked, ‘Do brothers inherit from the mother anything?’ He said, ‘There is no doubt in it, it is just as I say to you.’”

Le hadith explique la répartition de l'héritage en cas où un homme laisse ses parents et ses frères pour sa mère. Il stipule que la mère reçoit un sixième de l'héritage, tandis que le reste revient au père. Si l'homme a des frères, un sixième est attribué à la mère. Les frères sont considérés comme appartenant au père, et ils empêchent la mère de recevoir sa part complète. Les frères de la mère n'ont aucun droit dans l'héritage. La mère est privée d'une part à cause des dépenses du père pour ses enfants. Les frères de la mère n'héritent rien de l'héritage.

10. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ibn abu Nasr from Jamil from ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad who has narrated the following: “I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a man who dies and leaves behind his daughter, his sister from his both parents. He (the Imam) said, ‘The entire legacy belongs to his daughter.’” Al-Fadl has said, ‘Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has made a share for the sister if she does not leave behind a child saying, ‘. . . if a man dies and does not leave behind a child and has a sister her share is one-half of the legacy.’ If he leaves behind a child then there is nothing for her. If anyone gives to her, it is opposing Allah and His messenger. The same is the case with the children of children male or female regardless how far below they may be. Brothers and sisters do not inherit with a child and so also is the case with the existence of one or both parents. [Note: The words of al-Fadl continues for the next several pages of the Arabic text and are not translated.]